Part – A – Unit – 5 – Social Problems (Population to Poverty) – English

17. Social Problems (Population to Poverty)

Demographic Profile of India:

The total number of people residing in a Country at a specified period of time is called the ‘Population’ of that country.
India is the Second most populous country in the world Next only to china.
India covers only 2.4 Percent of the land area of the world, but is the home of about 17.5 percent of the world Population.
It shows that the proportion of Population of India is far higher than the Proportion of its area.
Thus, a little more than one out of every six persons in the world is From India.

Census:

Population census is the total process of Collecting, compiling, analysing or otherwise Disseminating demographic, economic and social data pertaining, at a specific time, of all Persons in a country or a well-defined part of a Country.
It happens in an interval of ten years.
The data collected through the census are used for administration, planning, policy making as well as management and evaluation of various Programmes by the government.
In India the first census was carried out in the year 1872.
But the First complete and synchronous Census was conducted in 1881.
The 2011 census represents the fifteenth census of India.

Distribution and Density of Population:

The term ‘Population Distribution’ refers to the way the people are spaced over the earth’s Surface.
The distribution of population in India is quite uneven because of the vast variation in the availability of resources.
Population is Mostly concentrated in the regions of industrial Centres and the good agricultural lands.
On the Other hand, the areas such as high mountains, Arid lands, thickly forested areas and some Remote corners are very thinly populated and Some areas are even uninhabited.
Terrain, Climate, soil, water bodies, mineral resources, Industries, transport and urbanization are the Major factors which affect the distribution of Population in our country.
Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in the country with a population of 199.5 million followed by Maharashtra (112.3 million), Bihar (103.8 million) West Bengal (91.3 million) and the combined Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (84.6 million).
These five states account for about half of the country’s population. Sikkim is the least Populous state of India (0.61 million).
Delhi With 16.75 million population tops among the Union territories.
The uneven distribution of population in the country is the result of several factors such as physical, socio-economic and historical Ones.
The physical factors include relief, Climate, water, natural vegetation, minerals and energy resources.
Socio-economic factors Consists of the religion, culture, political issues, Economy, human settlements, transport Network, industrialization, urbanization, Employment opportunity etc.

Density of population:

It is expressed as number of persons per Sq km.
According to 2011, the average Density of population of India is 382 persons Per sq.km.
India is one of the most thickly Populated ten countries of the world.
The Most densely populated state of India is Bihar and the state with least population density is Arunachal Pradesh.
Among the union Territories, Delhi is the densely populated one with 11,297 per sq.km, while Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the lowest density of Population.

Population Growth and Change:

Population change refers to an increase or decrease of population of an area from One period to another period.
Population Growth is influenced by the birth rate, death rate and migration.
These three make the changes in Population.
Birth rate refers to the number of live Births per thousand people in a year and the Death rate refers to the number of deaths per thousand people in a year.
The rapid decline in Death rate is the major cause of the rapid growth of population in India.

Population composition:

Population composition refers to the Characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, Caste, religion, language, education, occupation Etc.
The study of composition of population helps us to understand the social, economic and demographic structure of population.

Age composition:

The age composition of population refers to the number of people in different age groups in a country.
Population of a nation is generally Grouped in to three broad categories.
In India, the children who has less than 15 years of age Constitute 29.5% and the people above 60 years Constitute 8.0%.
So, the dependent population in India is 37.5% and the independent population (16-59 yrs) is 62.5%.
It shows that our country Has enormous manpower.

Sex Ratio:

Sex ratio is defined as the number of Females per 1000 male population.
According to 2011 census, the sex ratio of the country is 940 females per 1000 males.
This suggests that the size of female population is lower than males.
It is 1084 in Kerala and 1038In Pondicherry.
The lowest sex ratio is recorded in the union territory of Daman and Diu (618).

Literacy Rate:

The people who are able to read and write are known as literates.
It is an important Indicator of quality of people.
The percentage of literate people to the total population is Termed as literacy rate.
There has been a steady Improvement in the literacy levels in India.
India’s literacy rate as per 2011 census is 74.04%.
From this, the literacy rate of male is 82.14% and the female is 65.46%.
It shows that still there is a vast gap (16.68%) between the male and female Literacy rates.
Kerala ranks first in the country with a literacy rate of 93.91% followed by union Territory Lakshadweep with 92.28%.
The lowest Literacy rate is found in Bihar (63.82 %).

Occupational structure:

The economically active part of a Country’s population is enumerated during the census operations and stated as workers.
Workers are placed under three-fold categories in census record.
They are main workers, Marginal workers and non-workers.
According to the Census of India, all those who had worked for the major part of the preceding year (at least 6 months or 183 days) are recorded as main Workers.
Those who worked for less than six Months are recorded as marginal workers and the people who have not worked at all comes Under non workers.

Population Dynamics:

Human population dynamics is a field that tracks factors related to changes in the size of Population and its characteristics.
Predicting Population changes is an important aspect of Population studies.

Problems of over Population:

In India, growing pressure of Population On resource base, created many socio-Economic, cultural, political, ecological and Environmental problems.
The Population Problems vary in space and time and differ from region to region.
Some of the major issues created by the overpopulation in our Country are overcrowding, unemployment and under employment, low standard of living, Malnutrition, mismanagement of natural and agricultural resources, unhealthy environment Etc.

Racial groups:

Race is a group of individuals who may be distinguished from other groups by physical characteristics such as skin color, hair color, jaw structure, and eye structure.
As a result, race may be defined as a biological notion relating to a person’s physical and genetic features Mongolo-Dravidian,
Mongoloid
Turko-Iranian
Indo-Aryan
Scytho-Dravidian
Aryo-Dravidian
Mongolo-Dravidian
Mongoloid
Dravidian

Tribal population:

A tribe is a group or a social division in a society consisting of families linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties with a common culture and dialect.
Each tribe is unique because everyone contains a distinct cultural, social and political identity.
In India, tribes are known as ‘Adivasis.’
The tribal communities in India have been recognised under Schedule 5 of the Indian Constitution.
This is the reason these tribes are called the ‘Scheduled Tribes.
‘India’s tribal population is spread across the country in different pockets.
Across the mainland, the places with the maximum tribal population are
Mizoram (94.4% of the total state population)
Lakshadweep (94% of the total union population)
Meghalaya (86.1% of the total state population)
Nagaland (86.5% of the total state population
Tamil Nadu: Adiyan, Aranadan, Eravallan, Irular, Kadar, Kanikar, Kotas, Todas, Kurumans.

Migration:

Migration has been defined differently by different experts.
In general, migration is defined as the permanent or semi permanent Change of residence of an individual or group of People over a significant distance.
So, the term Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another.

United Nations Organization Definition:

Migration is a form of geographical mobility of population between a geographical units to another, generally involving a permanent Change of residence.
One of the most important aspects of social science is “Human Migration”.
It has maintained a close relation with mankind from Its earliest stage.
Migration is one of the most Important dynamic human activities from the Very beginning of human life.
During the early Days, people moved from one place to another in search of food.
When most of the people ceased to live in forest and adopted civilized life, they developed relationship with domesticated Animals and fertile land.
As a result, mobility of Mankind changed considerably.
They almost left the nomadic life and started to live in permanent Settlements. at this stage, people continued to Move from one region to another in search of Fertile land for cultivation.
Afterwards, the nature of mobility frequently changed over a period of time.

Factors of Migration:

There are a number of factors which are responsible for the migration of human Population.
These factors can be grouped under the heads of favourable and unfavourable Factors.
The favourable factors which attract people towards a location are called pull factors.
The unfavourable factors which make the People to move out from a location are Called push factors.
The various causes which are responsible for human migration is categorized under five Groups as follows.

Ecological or Natural Causes of Migration

The causes operate under this category are Natural ones.
They include volcanic eruption, Earthquake, flood, drought etc.
These events Force the people to leave their native places and Settle in the new areas.
The conditions like the Availability of water resources, areas free from Hazards, pollution etc., attract the migrants.

Economic causes of Migration

Economy is one of the most important Causes of human migration from one area to another.
Various economic causes determine the Level and direction of migration.
The availability of fertile agricultural land, employment Opportunities, development of technology Etc., are some of the economic causes that Attract the migration.
The mass poverty and Unemployment force the people to move out from their native places to the places where the better employment opportunities are available.

Socio-Cultural causes of Migration:

Socio-cultural causes also play some roles in the process of migration.
Migration of women after Marriage and migration associated with pilgrimage are based on the socio-cultural customs.

Demographic causes of Migration:

In demographic sense, the population Composition like age and sex, over population and under population are the major causes of Migration.
It is well known fact that adults are more migratory than any other age-groups. Women mostly migrate after their marriage.
Generally over population is considered as a Push factor and under population to be pull Factor in the context of migration.

Political causes of Migration:

Various political causes like colonization, Wars, government policies etc.
Have always been playing important role in human migration from Time to time.
Wars have been one of the significant.

Causes of migration since ancient time:

Types of Migration:

Migration can be classified in several ways. It is usually categorized as follows;

Based on the movement associated With administrative limits

Internal migration: The movement of people within a country is known as internal migration. Further, the internal migration is classified into four categories on the basis of the place of Origin and destination of migrants.
Rural to Urban Migration is the movement of population from rural areas to growing Towns and cities mainly in search of Employment, education and recreation Facilities.
Urban to Urban Migration is the migration between one urban centre to the other like in search of higher income.
Rural to Rural Migration is driven by fertile Land for cultivation and other sociological Factors like Marriage etc.
Urban to Rural Migration is the movement from urban centres to rural areas to get Rid-off the urban problems and returning to native places after retirement from Jobs. Rural to urban migration is the most Common one.
International Migration – Migration that Occurs across the national boundaries are Known as International Migration.

Based on the willingness of the migrants for migration:

Voluntary Migration:
If the migration takes place on person’s free will, initiative and desire to live in a better place and to improve their financial status, the Migration is said to be voluntary.
Involuntary or forced Migration:
If the Migration takes place against the will of migrants, the migration is termed as involuntary migration.
The push factors like war may force the people to emigrate from a place is of this type.

Based on the duration of stay of migrants in the place of Destination:

Short term migration:
In this kind of Migration, the migrants stay outside only for a short duration before returning to the place of Origin.
The duration may be from a few days to few months.
Long term migration:
It is a kind of Migration in which the migrants stay outside at Least for a few years.
Seasonal migration:
In this type of Migration usually a group of people migrates from their native places during a particular Season and returns after end of that season.
People migrating to hill stations during summer and the migration of agricultural Workers during sowing seasons belong to this Category.
Transhumance is another example of seasonal migration.
Female migrants Outnumber male migrants in Europe, Northern America, Oceania and Latin America and the Caribbean, while In Africa and Asia, particularly Western Asia, migrants are predominantly men.
The number of international migrants Worldwide has continued to Grow rapidly in recent years, Reaching 258 million in 2017, up from 220 million in 2010 and 173 million in 2000.

Consequences of Migration:

Migration affects both the areas of origin of migration and the areas of destination. The following are the major consequences of Migration.

Demographic consequences:

It changes age and sex composition of population.
Migration of Females after their marriage leads to decline in sex Ratio in the source regions and increase the sex Ratio in the regions of destinations.
The migration of male workers in search of jobs decreases the independent population of the source regions which increases the dependency ratio.

Social consequences:

The migration of People from different regions towards an urban Area leads to the formation of plural society it helps the people to come out of narrow Mindedness and people become generous.

Economic consequences:

The migration of more people from over populated to under Populated regions results the imbalance of the resource-population ratio.
In some cases, the regions of over and under population may Become the regions of optimum population.
Migration may influence the occupational Structure of the population of an area.
Through this it will certainly affect the economy of the Regions also.
Brain drain is a consequence of Migration.
Brain drain refers to the migration in which skilled people from economically Backward countries move to developed Countries in search of better opportunities.
Eventually, this leads to backwardness in source Regions.
This is called as “backwash effect”.

Environmental consequences:

Large scale Movement of people from rural to urban areas Causes overcrowding in cities and puts heavy Pressure on resources.
It leads to rapid growth of Cities.
The over population in urban areas leads to the pollution of air, water and soil.
Scarcity of Drinking water, lack of space for housing, traffic Congestions and poor drainage are the common Environmental problems prevail in urban areas.
The lack of space for housing and the rising of Land cost lead to the formation of slums.

Urbanisation:

Urbanisation refers to the process in which there is an increase in the proportion of Population living in towns and cities.

Causes of Urbanisation:

Urbanisation is driven by three factors: natural Population growth, rural to urban migration and the reclassification of rural Areas into urban areas.
Present day urbanisation includes changes in Demographics, land cover, economic processes and characteristics of geographic area.

Urbanization in India:

The level of urbanization Is measured in terms of percentage of urban Population. Goa is the most urbanized state.
Himachal Pradesh is the least urbanized state.
Among the Union territories, Delhi is the most urbanized Region followed by Chandigarh.
Among the Major states, Tamil Nadu continues to be the Second most urbanized state with 48.4% percent of urban population followed by Kerala and Maharashtra.
In 1950, 30% of the world’s Population was urban, and by 2050, 68 % of the world’s Population is projected to be Urban (World Urbanisation Prospects, 2018, Key facts).

Impact of Urbanization:

Urbanization and population Concentration go hand – in – hand and are closely related to each other.
Rural to urban Migration leads to population explosion in urban areas.
Metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi have more population than that can accommodate.
The following are the major problems of Urbanization in India.
It creates urban sprawl.
It makes overcrowding in urban centres.
It leads to shortage of houses in urban areas.
It leads to the formation of slums.
It increases traffic congestion in cities.
It creates water scarcity in cities.
It creates drainage problem.
It poses the problem of solid waste Management.
It increases the rate of crime.

Human Development Index:

In 1990 Indian Economist Amartaya Sen & Mahbub ul Haq, a Pakistani Economist at the United Nations, introduced the Human Development Index (HDI).
The HDI is a composite Index of life expectancy at birth, Adult literacy rate and standard of living measured as a logarithmic function of GDP, adjusted to Purchasing power parity.
India climbed one spot to 130 out of 189 countries in the latest human development rankings released today by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
Between 1990 and 2017, India’s HDI value incased from 0.427 to 0.640, an Increase of nearly 50 percent – and an indicator of the country’s remarkable achievement in lifting
Millions of people out of poverty.
Human Development Reports (HDRs) have been released since 1990 and have explored different themes through the human development approach.
It’s published by the Human Development Report Office for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
The HDI measures the average achievement of a country in three basic dimensions of human development — a long and healthy life, education, and a decent standard of living.
It is calculated using four indicators — life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
India ranked 132^nd among 191 countries and territories on the 2021 Human Development Index (HDI).
Switzerland (1, 0.962), Norway (2, 0.961), Iceland (3, 0.959), Denmark (6, 0.948), Sweden (7, 0.947), Ireland (8, 0.945), Germany (9, 0.942) and Netherlands (10, 0.941).

Asian Countries:

Indian neighbours, Sri Lanka (73^rd), China (79^th), Bangladesh (129^th), and Bhutan (127^th) are ranked above India, while Pakistan (161^st), Nepal (143^rd), and Myanmar (149^th)
Kerala stands first in Human Development Index among the states in India.
Tamil Nadu -11^th position
Least states – Bihar and Uttarpradesh

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index MPI 2022:

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2022 was released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).

Health:

Child mortality
Nutrition

Education:

Years of schooling
School attendance

Standard of living:

Cooking fuel
Sanitation
Drinking water
Electricity
Housing
Assets
India has by far the largest number of poor people worldwide at 22.8 crore, followed by Nigeria at 9.6 crore.
Two-thirds of these people live in a household in which at least one person is deprived of nutrition.
As many as 41.5 crore people moved out of poverty in India during the 15-year period between 2005-06 and 2019-21.
India ranked 66 out of the 109 countries
NITI Aayog is in the last stage for preparation of Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) parameter dashboard and a State Reform Action Plan (SRAP).
It has three equally weighted dimensions – health, education, and standard of living.
These three dimensions are represented by 12 indicators such as nutrition, school attendance, years of schooling, drinking water, sanitation, housing, bank accounts
Across states and union territories in India, the fastest reduction in relative terms was in Goa, followed by Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan.
Least poverty – Kerala, Tamil Nadu [2^nd]
Highest poverty – Bihar

Global Gender Gap Index 2022:

The World Economic Forum (WEF) ranked India at 135 out of 146 countries in its Global Gender Gap (GGG) Index for 2022.
Parameters
Economic Participation and Opportunity
Educational Attainment
Health and Survival
Political Empowerment
Although no country achieved full gender parity, the top 3 economies closed at least 80% of their gender gaps,
Iceland (90.8%)
Finland (86%),
Norway (84.5%)

Gross National Happiness (GNH)

The term Gross National Happiness was coined in 1972 during an interview by a British Journalist for the Financial Times at Bombay airport when the then king of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, said “Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross National Product.
In 2011, The UN General Assembly passed Resolution “Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development” urging member nations to follow the example of Bhutan and measure happiness and well-being and calling happiness a “fundamental human goal.”

The four pillars of GNH’s are

Sustainable and equitable socio-economic development
Environmental conservation
Preservation and promotion of culture
Good governance.
The nine domains of GNH are psychological well-being, health, time use, education, cultural Diversity and resilience, good governance, community vitality, ecological diversity and resilience, and living standards.

Education:

Literacy rate in India as per Census 2011: 74%.
Literacy rate: Male: 82.1%; Female: 65.5%
Kerala tops the rankings, followed by Delhi, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Bihar is the lowest among states, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand etc., however, they are improving their position.
Bihar has a literacy rate of 63.8%, and that of women is 53.3%.
Pre-primary level: 5-6 years of age.
Primary (elementary) level: 6-14 years of age. Elementary-level education is guaranteed by our constitution under Article 21 A. For this level, the government has introduced Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) under the Right to Education (RTE) Act.
Secondary level: Age group between 14-18. For this level, the government has extended SSA to secondary education in the form of the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan.
Higher education: Generally, of three levels: UG→ PG→ MPhil/PhD. To cater to the requirements of higher education, the government has introduced Rashtriya Uchhattar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA).

Provisions in the Indian Constitution:

Under Article 45 in DPSP, it was mentioned that the government should provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 years within 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution.
As this was not achieved, Article 21A was introduced by the 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002, making elementary education a fundamental right rather than a directive principle.
Article 45 was amended to provide for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years.
To implement Article 21A, the government legislated the RTE Act.
Under this act, SSA – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – got a further impetus.
SSA aims to provide Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) in a time-bound manner.

Right to free and compulsory education act:

86^th Amendment Act 2002 introduced Article 21-A, which provides for free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right.
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act was enacted to implement this fundamental right.

British period:

Wood’s Despatch of 1854:

It is also known as the ‘Magna Carta of English education in India’ was the first comprehensive plan to envisage mass education in India.

Hunter Commission on Indian Education 1882

Transfer of control of primary education to the new district and municipal boards.

Raleigh Commission 1902

Viceroy Curzon believed that universities were the factories producing students with revolutionary ideologies; hence he constituted the commission to review the entire university education system in India.
The recommendation of the commission led to the universities act of 1904.

Indian Universities Act 1904:

More attention to study and research in universities rather than revolutionary activities.
The numbers of fellows were reduced and were to be nominated by the government.
The government acquired veto power against university senate decisions. Stricter affiliation rules

Wardha Scheme of Basic Education by the Indian National Congress (INC)

Basic handicrafts should be included in the syllabus
First 7 years of school to be free and compulsory
Hindi as medium till class 7 and English from class 8 onwards

Independent India:

Radhakrishnan committee:

In 1948-49, the University Education Commission was constituted under Radhakrishnan.
It moulded the education system based on the needs of an independent India.

Kothari commission:

Standardization of educational system on 10+2+3 pattern.
Establishment of Indian Education Service
To raise expenditure on education from 2.9% of the GDP to 6% by 1985.

National Educational Policy 1968:

Equalization of educational opportunities to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development.
Increase public expenditure of education to 6% of GDP.
Provide for better training and qualification of teachers.
Three-language formula

National Educational Policy 1985:

Launching of “Operation Blackboard” to improve primary schools nationwide.
IGNOU, the Open University, was formed.
The literacy rate of Tamil Nadu was 80.09%, of which the male literacy is 86.77% and female literacy is 73.14%.

T.S.R Committee 2015:

Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) – children from four to five years of age – to be declared as a fundamental right.
All India Education Service.

Kasturirangan Report on School Education (Draft National Education Policy) 2019

Natioanl education policy 2020:

Curriculum framework:

The current structure of school education to be restructured based on the development needs of students.
10+2+3 structure to be replaced by 5-3-3-4 design comprising:
Five years of foundational stage (three years of pre-primary school and classes one and two),
Three years of preparatory stage (classes three to five),
Three years of middle stage (classes six to eight), and
Four years of secondary stage (classes nine to 12).
Public spending at 6% of GDP

The Right to Education Act, 2009 (RTE Act):

Expanding the ambit of the Act to all children between the ages of three to 18 years, thus including early childhood education and secondary school education.

Higher Education:

National Higher Education Regulatory Authority (NHERA)
The policy aims to increase GER to 50% by 2035
Allowing Foreign Universities: The document states universities from among the top 100 in the world will be able to set up campuses in India.

Education in Tamil Nadu:

The literacy rate of Tamil Nadu was 80.09%, of which the male literacy is 86.77% and female literacy is 73.14%.
The sex ratio of Tamil Nadu was 996 females per 1000 males, which is much above the national average of 940.
Tamil Nadu has 37 universities, 500 engineering colleges, 482-degree colleges, 75 medical colleges, 5 ayurveda colleges, 80 catering and hotel management colleges, 12 dental colleges, 10 homeopathy colleges, 125 management colleges, 42 nursing colleges, 7 colleges of occupational therapy, 37 pharmacy colleges, 49 physiotherapy colleges, 203 polytechnics and 1 unani medical college.

Illam Thedi Kalvi Scheme:

The very first purpose of the scheme is to provide the doorstep learning in order to compensate for the losses during the pandemic.
It aims for the enrolment of one lakh students from the state with the government schools.
The government will appoint volunteers.
These volunteers will get selected from the school management committees.
The volunteers will reach the doorsteps in order to teach the students.
Students from 1 to 8 students are eligible

Ennum Ezhuthum Scheme:

This scheme was launched to bridge the learning gap among students aged under 8, caused as a result of COVID-19 pandemic.
It aims to ensure foundational numeracy and literacy by 2025.
Under the Ennum Ezhuthum Scheme, education department will distribute workbooks to students from Classes 1 to 3, in order to assess and bridge the learning gap.

Health:

Healthcare sector in India comprises of hospitals, medical devices, clinical trials, outsourcing, telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance, and medical equipment.
The government, or public healthcare system, concentrates on establishing primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in rural areas while maintaining a small number of secondary and tertiary care facilities in major cities.
The bulk of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary care facilities are run by the private sector, with a focus on metropolises and tier-I and tier-II cities.

Challenges:

India suffers from a hospital deficit, especially in rural areas, and many of the country’s current healthcare institutions need basic supplies and equipment.
In India, the quality of healthcare varies greatly, with insufficient regulation leading to subpar care in some private healthcare facilities and rural areas with inadequate facilities and resources.
Over 60% of all deaths in India are caused by non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which also have high rates of chronic illnesses like diabetes, cancer, and heart disease.
India is one of the countries with the least mental health specialists per person.
The government spends very little money on mental health. Poor mental health outcomes and insufficient care for those with mental illnesses are the results of this.
The imbalance in the doctor-patient ratio is one of the most important issues.
The Indian Journal of Public Health estimates that India will require 20 lakh doctors by 2030.

Government initiatives:

Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY)
National Health Mission
Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
Pradhan Mantri-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) to strengthen India’s health infrastructure and improve the country’s primary, secondary and tertiary care services.
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission to connect the digital health solutions of hospitals across the country. Under this, every citizen will now get a digital health ID and their health record will be digitally protected.
PM-JAY is the world’s largest health insurance/ assurance scheme fully financed by the government.
Launched in February 2018, it offers a sum insured of Rs.5 lakh per family for secondary care
NITI Aayog has released the fourth edition of the State Health Index for 2019–20.

Larger States:

In terms of annual incremental performance, Uttar Pradesh, Assam and Telangana are the top three ranking states.

Smaller States:

Mizoram and Meghalaya registered the maximum annual incremental progress.

Union Territories:

Delhi, followed by Jammu and Kashmir, showed the best incremental performance.
The top-ranking states were Kerala and Tamil Nadu among the ‘Larger States’, Mizoram and Tripura among the ‘Smaller States’, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (DH&DD) and Chandigarh among the UTs
The 5^th National Family Health Survey 2019-21 reports 35.5% of children under 5 are stunted, 19.3% are wasted, and 32.1% are underweight.
Meghalaya has the highest number of stunted children (46.5%), followed by Bihar (42.9%).
Maharashtra (25.6%) has the highest percentage of wasted children followed by Gujarat (25.1%).
Compared with NFHS-4, the prevalence of overweight or obesity has increased in most States/UTs in NFHS-5.
POSHAN Abhiyaan: The government of India has launched the National Nutrition Mission (NNM) or POSHAN Abhiyaan to ensure a “Malnutrition Free India” by 2022.
Eat Right India and Fit India Movement are some other initiatives to promote healthy eating and healthy lifestyle.
The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013: It aims to ensure food and nutrition security for the most vulnerables through its associated schemes and programmes, making access to food a legal right.

IMR in India

The IMR in India stands at 33 per 1000 live births.
The IMR of India is poor as compared to China (8), Bangladesh (27), Sri Lanka (8) and Bhutan (26).

TAMIL NADU – 13

KERALA-6

Highest Madya Pradesh – 43

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time per 1,00,000 live births during the same time.

Kerala, which has the lowest MMR, is followed by Maharashtra 33 and Telangana 43 Tamil Nadu 54

Other states with high MMR include Madhya Pradesh (173), Uttar Pradesh (167), Chhattisgarh (137), Odisha (119), Bihar (118), Rajasthan (113), Haryana (110), Punjab (105) and West Bengal (105).

State Health Mission

To achieve the objectives of NRHM, the Tamil Nadu State Health Mission was constituted and Tamil Nadu State Health Society was registered under Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act 1975 with Registration No.47/2006.
State Health Society is constituted merging the health societies for leprosy, tuberculosis, blindness control and integrated disease control programme except Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society.
All the National Health Programmes at the State and District level are brought under one umbrella and it will function through the individual sub committees.
This will help to pool all resources available in implementation of the programme.
Reduction of infant mortality and maternal mortality.
Universal access to public health services / women’s health, child health, drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, nutrition and universal immunization.
Prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Population stabilization-Gender and demographic factors.
Access to integrated comprehensive primary health care.
Revitalizing local health traditions and mainstreaming ISM.
Promotion of healthy life styles.

Tamil Nadu Health Systems Project:

Increased access of health services for poor, disadvantaged, and tribal groups
Developing effective interventions to address key health challenges
Improving health outcomes and quality of service by strengthening management of the public sector health systems and by involving the non-governmental sector
Increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the public sector hospital services at the district and sub-district levels

Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme (CMCHIS):

The Government of India has initiated several healthcare schemes to provide best-in-class healthcare facilities to a number of low-income families in the country.
One such health scheme implemented for the betterment of the people in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu is the Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme.
Almost 65% of low-income families in Tamil Nadu get access to world-class healthcare facilities with cashless assistance under the Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme (CMCHIS), also known as Amma Health Insurance.
Due to this, the people of Tamil Nadu do not have to undergo any financial struggle when seeking assistance during a medical emergency.

Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam Thittam:

To provide healthcare facilities at the doorstep of the poor residents of Tamil Nadu, the respected chief minister MK Stalin launched a new scheme on 5^th August 2021 known as Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam Scheme.
Under the Tamil Nadu Doorstep Healthcare Scheme, various facilities like physiotherapy-related therapies, testing, and providing medicine for non-communicable diseases will be provided to poor people.

Innuyir Kappom Thittam:

Under Accident Victim Treatment Scheme, govt. Will provide free care to road accident victims in 609 government and private hospitals.
Tamil Nadu government will offer free 81 life-saving procedures worth Rs. 1 lakh to accident victims in the first 48 hours of their hospitalisation.

Unemployment:

Meaning of Full Employment:

Full employment refers to a situation in which every able bodied person who is willing to work at the prevailing wage Rate, is employed.
In other words full Employment means that persons who are willing to work and able to work must have Employment or a job; Keynes defines full Employment as the absence of involuntary Unemployment.
Lerner defines full employment as “that level of employment at which any further increase in spending would result in an inflationary spiral of wages and Prices”.
Every economy in the world aims it attaining the level of full employment Equilibrium where all its available Resources are fully and efficiently employed to achieve maximum level of output.
But In reality, the concept of full employment generally refers to full employment of Labour force of a country.

Unemployment and its types:

Unemployment is problem faced When there are people, who are willing to Work and able to work but cannot find Suitable jobs.
While formulating policies to solve the problem of unemployment in India for Instance, we need to distinguish between the nature of unemployment in rural Areas and in urban areas in India.
India’s rural economy has both unemployment and underemployment.
Feature of rural unemployment is the Existence of unemployment in the form of disguised unemployment and seasonal Unemployment.
In India, frictional, Structural and open unemployment exist in urban areas.
Due to urbanization, a large number of people move from rural Areas to urban areas.
This migration from Rural to urban areas increases the size of Labour force in urban areas and adds to the already unemployed labour force.

Types of unemployment:

In developing countries like India, the nature of unemployment is different from that of developed countries.
In Developed countries, the unemployment Is purely temporary or cyclical or Frictional.
But in the developing countries, it is largely structural unemployment Which is due to slow rate of capital Formation.
Cyclical Unemployment
Seasonal Unemployment
Frictional Unemployment
Educated Unemployment
Technical Unemployment
Structural Unemployment
Disguised Unemployment

Cyclical Unemployment:

This unemployment exists during the downturn phase of trade cycle in the economy.
In a business cycle during the period of recession and depression, Income and output fall leading to Widespread unemployment.
It is caused by Deficiency of effective demand.
Cyclical Unemployment can be cured by public Investment or expansionary monetary Policy.

Seasonal Unemployment:

This type of unemployment occurs during certain seasons of the year.
In Agriculture and agro based industries like Sugar, production activities are carried out only in some seasons.
These industries Offer employment only during that season in a year.
Therefore, people may remain Unemployed during the off season.
Seasonal unemployment happens from Demand side also; for example, ice cream Industry, holiday resorts etc.

Frictional Unemployment (Temporary Unemployment):

Frictional unemployment arises due to imbalance between supply of labour and demand for labour.
This is because of immobility of labour, lack of necessary Skills; break down of machinery, shortage of raw materials etc.
The persons who Lose jobs and in search of jobs are also included under frictional unemployment.

Educated Unemployment:

Sometimes educated people are Underemployed or unemployed when Qualification does not match the job.
Faulty Education system, lack of employable Skills, mass student turnout and preference for white collar jobs are highly responsible for educated unemployment in India.

Technical Unemployment:

Modern technology being capital Intensive requires less labourers and contributes to technological Unemployment.
Now a days, invention and innovations lead to the adoption of new techniques there by the existing Workers are retrenched.
Labour saving Devices are responsible for technological Unemployment.

Structural Unemployment:

Structural unemployment is due to drastic change in the structure of the Society.
Lack of demand for the product or shift in demand to other products cause this type of unemployment.
For example, Rise in demand for mobile phones has adversely affected the demand for Cameras, tape recorders etc.
So, this kind unemployment results from massive and deep rooted changes in economic Structure.

Disguised Unemployment:

Disguised unemployment occurs when more people are there than what is Actually required.
Even if some workers are withdrawn, production does not Suffer.
This type of unemployment is found in agriculture.
A person is said to be disguisedly by unemployed if his Contribution to output is less than what he can produce by working for normal hours per day.
In this situation, marginal Productivity of labour is zero or less or Negative.

Poverty:

When an individual or community lacks the means of subsistence, they are said to be in a state or situation of poverty.
When a person is in poverty, their level of employment-based income is too low to cover even their most basic necessities.
The World Bank defines poverty as a severe lack of well-being that has several dimensions.
Low salaries and the inability to obtain the fundamental goods and services required for humane survival are examples of this.
Low levels of health and education, poor access to sanitary facilities, insufficient physical security, lack of voice, and a lack of resources and opportunities to improve one’s situation are all included in the definition of poverty.
In 2011, 21.9% of Indians were considered to be living in poverty.
2018 saw about 8% of the world’s workers and their families lived on less than US$1.90 per person per day (international poverty line).

Types of Poverty:

Poverty can be divided into two categories:

Absolute Poverty
Relative Poverty
When a household’s income is too low to cover the costs of basic necessities like food, shelter, and housing, the situation is referred to as Absolute poverty.
It is possible to compare between nations and over time thanks to this circumstance.
The “dollar a day” poverty line, which was initially proposed in 1990, determined absolute poverty according to the norms of the world’s poorest nations.
The World Bank reset it to $1.90 per day in October 2015.
Relative Poverty is defined from a social standpoint as a person’s standard of living in relation to the economic standards of the local population.
Consequently, it is a gauge of income disparity.
Typically, relative poverty is calculated as the proportion of people with incomes below some fixed proportion of median income.
The task force of NITI Aayog determines India’s poverty level using information gathered by the National Sample Survey Office, which is part of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).
In India, estimating the poverty line is based on consumption costs rather than income levels.
The National Sample Survey Organization’s consumer expenditure surveys are the basis for measuring poverty.
A household is considered to be poor if its expenditures fall below a given poverty limit.
The poverty ratio, which is the ratio of the number of impoverished people to the entire population stated as a percentage, is used to determine the incidence of poverty.
It also goes by the name “head-count ratio.”
The Alagh Committee (1979) established a poverty level based on an adult’s minimal daily caloric needs in rural and urban areas, respectively, of 2400 and 2100 calories.
The poverty estimation was then carried out by many committees, including the Lakdawala Committee (1993), Tendulkar Committee (2009), and Rangarajan Committee (2012).
According to the Rangarajan Committee’s report from 2014, the poverty line is set at Rs. 972 in rural regions and Rs. 1407 in urban areas for monthly per-capita expenditure.

India’s poverty factors:

Population Explosion:

Over the years, India’s population has grown steadily.
In the previous 45 years, it has increased at a pace of 2.2% annually, which translates to an average annual population increase of 17 million people.
Additionally, this significantly raises the demand for consumer products.
A significant contributor to poverty is the low productivity of the agriculture industry.
Low productivity might have many causes.
It is primarily due to fragmented and subdivided land holdings, a lack of funding, ignorance of modern farming technologies, the use of conventional farming practices, waste during storage, etc.

Inefficient resource use:

The country, particularly the farming sector, has underemployment and covert unemployment.
This has resulted in low agricultural output and also led to a dip in the standard of living.

Low Rate of Economic Development:

Economic development has been low in India especially in the first 40 years of independence before the LPG reforms in 1991.

Price Increase:

The country’s prices have been rising steadily, which has increased the burden the poor are already carrying.
Even though a small number of people have gained from this, lower income groups have suffered as a result and are unable to even meet their bare necessities.

Unemployment:

Another element contributing to poverty in India is unemployment.
The population is growing, which has increased the number of job applicants.
To match this need for work, there is not enough expansion in opportunities.

Lack of Capital and Entrepreneurship:

The economy experiences low levels of investment and job creation as a result of a lack of capital and entrepreneurship.

Social issues:

In addition to economic issues, there are social elements that are impeding India’s efforts to eradicate poverty.
A few of the hindrances in this regard are the laws of inheritance, caste system, certain traditions, etc

Colonial exploitation:

India’s indigenous handicrafts and textile industries were destroyed by the British colonialism and domination over the country for approximately two centuries, which led to a deindustrialization of the country.
India was reduced by colonial policies to a simple producer of raw materials for European businesses.

Climate:

The states of Bihar, UP, MP, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, etc.
Are home to the majority of India’s poor people.
Agriculture in these states suffers significant damage as a result of natural disasters such cyclones, earthquakes, regular floods, other disasters.

Programs to Reduce Poverty in India:

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), which was first implemented in 1978–1979 and became universal on October 2, 1980, was created to help the rural poor through the provision of bank credit and subsidies for opportunities to find gainful work.
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JRY): Through the development of economic infrastructure, community resources, and social assets, the JRY aimed to provide the unemployed and underemployed in rural areas with meaningful work possibilities.
Indira Awaas Yojana for Rural Housing: The Indira Awaas Yojana (LAY) initiative seeks to provide free housing to Below Poverty Line (BPL) families in rural regions, with a focus on SC/ST households.
The Food for Work Program seeks to improve food security by increasing wage employment.
States receive free food grain deliveries, but the Food Corporation of India (FCI) go downs have had trouble keeping up with demand.
NOAPS, the National Old Age Pension Scheme The federal government offers this pension.
Panchayats and municipalities are tasked with carrying out this scheme across the states and union territories.
Depending on the state, the state contribution may change.
For candidates 60 to 79 years old, the monthly pension is 200 yen.
According to the 2011-2012 Budget, the sum has been revised to 500 per month for applicants over the age of 80.
It is a profitable endeavour.
Annapurna Plan: This plan was initiated by the government in 1999–2000 to provide food to senior citizens who cannot take care of themselves and are not under the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS), and who have no one to take care of them in their village.
This scheme would provide 10 kg of free food grains a month for the eligible senior citizens.
They mostly target groups of ‘poorest of the poor’ and ‘indigent senior citizens’.
Mahatma Gandhi the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act of 2005 (MGNREGA): Every rural household is guaranteed 100 days of employment annually under the Act.
The occupations under consideration would reserve one-third for women.
Additionally, National Employment Guarantee Funds will be set up by the federal government.
Similar to the federal government, state governments will create State Employment Guarantee Funds to carry out the programme.
An applicant will be eligible for a daily unemployment benefit under the initiative if they are not offered employment within 15 days.
National Rural Livelihood Mission, Aajeevika (2011) it develops out of the necessity to diversify the requirements of the rural poor and give them employment with regular monthly income.
In order to assist the destitute, self-help groups are organised at the village level.
National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM) organises urban poor people into self-help groups, provides chances for skill development that lead to market-based employment, and assists them in starting their own businesses by assuring easy access to credit.
Kumar Mantri Pradhan Vikas Yojana: This programme will concentrate on those just entering the workforce, particularly class X and XII dropouts.
The Pradhan Mantri Feb Dhan Yojana it succeeded in opening 1.5 crore bank accounts and had as its goal the direct benefit transfer of subsidies, pensions, insurance, and other benefits.
The programme focuses especially on the unbanked poor.