Domestic violence:

Exercising power or control over a close family member/relative, scolding, beating (physical, psychological, sexual assault)

The status of Indian women:

1. Political situation

1951 – 24 people

2011 – 66 people (only 12%)

2. Sex ratio

2001

2011 – 940 / 1000

Tamil Nadu – 995 / 1000

3. Educational level

1951 –

2011 – 65.46%

4. Economic status

Entrepreneurs

Problems

5. Child sex ratio

914 / 1000

6. Maternal Mortality Rate

IFR = 2.22

MMR = 100 / Lakh (Target)

IMR = 23 / 100

7. Commuter status

Increase

Problems

8. Offenses against women

Increase

Laws

9. Social status

Progress

10. Family status

Main result

11. Marital status

Husband’s right to choose

12. Gender Inequality Index

140 / 156 – As per 2021

National Commission for Women:

1. Brought by an Act of Parliament.
2. 1992 – Appearance

• Objective: To advise the government on women’s issues and crime prevention

1. Present President : Mrs. Lalitha Kumara Mangalam

Organization:

1. Chairman – 1
2. Members – 5 (talented in various fields)

• Secretary – 1 (Appointed by Central Government)

1. Headquarters – New Delhi

Activities:

1990. The functions of the Commission are defined under Section 10 of the National Commission for Women Act 1990.
1991. Study of all the protections in favor of women in the Constitution and by-laws

• Submission of thesis once a year to Central Govt

1. Making necessary recommendations for the protection of women to the Central and State Governments
2. Article of the Constitution, Hearing of Cases on Recommendations
3. Restoring the rights of women from activities affecting their rights

• Calculating progress levels for women
• Measuring Socio-Economic Development of Women

Women Empowerment Schemes Govt:

1. Organization of Hostels for Women and Girls – 1969

Establishing a shelter for women and girls affected by family problems or dangerous situations for their modern livelihood.

2. Rural Women and Child Development Scheme – 1982
3. To uplift the socio-economic status of rural women
4. Meeting their self-reliant financial needs
5. Support to Training and Employment Schemes for Women – 1986

Bringing women together in small groups to provide them with the necessary training, credit and develop their skills

4. Rakshtriya Mahila Goksh – 1993

Enhancing women’s participation in socio-economic programs by providing necessary loans and special incentives to women

5. Swayam Sita – 2001

Building a strong foundation through self-employment and setting up self-help groups

6. Suwadar – 1995

Encouraging women to think, act and decide their own lives

7. Support to training and employment programs for women: 2003 – 04

Empowerment of women thereby establishing their self-reliance policy and income generation activities

8. Ujjwala – 2007

It is a 5-pronged program namely prevention, recovery, rehabilitation, rehabilitation and resettlement

Nirbhaya – 2016

Health related programs:

1. Kimkshari Shakti Yojana – 2000
2. Indira Gandhi Madridwa Sahya Yojana – 2000
3. A scheme to provide subsidized benefits to pregnant women and lactating mothers
4. Rs 4000, payable in 3 installments.
5. Adolescent Women Development Program – 2010

Improving physical, artistic and multi-level performance of girls aged 11 to 18 years

4. Janani Suraksha Yojana – 2005

Reducing maternal mortality

Educational programs:

1. Mahila Samakya Scheme – 1989
2. Balikka Samrityojana – 1997
3. SSA – 2001, RMSA – 2010
4. Kasturiba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya – 2004
5. Establishment of boarding schools for SC/ST backward/minority community girls at higher primary level.
6. It is implemented in rural and urban areas where the female education rate is below 30%.
7. Dhanalakshmi Scheme – 2008

Educating girls and preventing child marriages

6. Saksar Bharat – 2009

Bringing all persons aged 15 and above under the National Literacy Movement, with a major contribution to women.

7. Peti Bachol – Petipadov – 2015

Let’s teach children, child labor rescue.

The recommendations for women empowerment:

1. Economically
2. Providing basic livelihood education to women
3. Providing tax breaks and credit facilities to women entrepreneurs

• Equal pay for equal work – 39%

1. Encouraging successful women entrepreneurs by popularizing their careers
2. Establishment of property rights for women in practice – Art 300A
3. Establishing economic awareness camps among women

• Grant of special offer and subsidy

2. At political level – (Art – 325)
3. Immediate implementation of 33% reservation in Parliament – Women’s Reservation Bill
4. Setting a role model for women in politics

• Press, television, non-governmental organizations strive to improve the political status of women

1. Creating political awareness among women
2. Contributing to women’s full suffrage – Art 325
3. At the community level
4. Bringing uniform civil system throughout the country – Art 44
5. Abolition of religious and legal rituals

• Avoiding domestic violence

1. Changing norms that keep women down
2. Changing the male dominated society
3. To create awareness about the injustice done to women

Women’s Reservation Bill – 2010:

1. It is the 118th Constitution Amendment Bill
2. Objective : To provide 33% reservation for women in the Parliament (M) Assembly of this Act

• One-time reservation for three consecutive general elections.

1. Bill tabled in Rajya Sabha on March 9, 2010

1951 M.P 24 people

2019 M.P – 19% (66 people)

1. In February 2014, no votes were recorded in favor of this in the Lok Sabha.
2. Once approved by the Lok Sabha, it will be implemented in more than half of India’s states and enacted into law by the President.

Significance of the Bill:

1. Atrocities against women have been happening since time immemorial.
2. The number of women in Parliament is below 10%.

• The Bill is considered as a milestone in the empowerment of women.

1. Development of representation of women by women.
2. Guidance for women education, employment, entrepreneurship

Empowerment of women:

1. Gender equality is clearly addressed in the Preamble of the Constitution of India, Fundamental Rights (R) Duties, Ethical Principles of the State.
2. Democratic policy, laws, development programs and activities are all about the advancement of women.

• In the Fifth Five Year Plan, the status of ‘Women’s Welfare has changed to Women’s Progress’ is growing.

Reasons (SC / ST Minorities and Backward Classes):

1. The status of women in many sectors remains poor even today.
2. Their education, health etc. are lagging behind other areas.

• Therefore, welfare-based empowerment of such poor women is essential

Objectives of National Policy:

1. Women’s advancement, empowerment for development
2. Coordinating people from all departments to achieve objectives

• Identifying the talents of women and creating an enabling environment for them

1. Giving equal opportunity to women in all fields
2. Right to participate in decision making
3. Providing equal opportunity in all fields like education, employment, health, medicine, science etc

• Facilitating equal pay for men
• Strengthening pro-women legislation

1. Eliminating gender disparities
2. Building a women-oriented society

Ministry of Women and Child Development:

1. It came into existence in 2006 as a separate ministry.
2. Chairperson – Smt. Maneka Gandhi

Activities:

1. Emphasizes holistic development of women and children.
2. It empowers the specified committee to enact and amend plans, policies, and procedures.

• Guides and coordinates government and non-government organizations working for the development of women and children.

Autonomous institutions:

1. National Institute of Public Co-operation and Child Development
2. National Commission for Women – 1992

• National Commission for Protection of Child Rights

1. Central Adoption Resource Agency
2. Central Social Welfare Board – 1953
3. Rakshtriya Mahila Goksh

Five year plans:

1. First Five Year Plan 1951 – 56

Central Social Welfare Organization was set up in 1953 for the welfare of women.

2. Second Five Year Plan: 1956 – 61

An organization for women called Mahila Mandal was formed.

3. Third, Fourth and Five Year Plan: 1961 – 74

Emphasis was given to women education, child welfare, child nutrition.

4. Fifth Five Year Plan 1974 – 78

From the standpoint of women’s welfare, the concept of women’s progress was developed.

5. Sixth Five Year Plan: 1980 – 85

Emphasis was given to women’s health, education and employment.

6. Seventh Five Year Plan: 1985 – 90

Efforts were made to involve women in national development.

7. Eighth Five Year Plan: 1992 – 97

From women’s advancement to women’s empowerment, the fund was increased from Rs 4 crore in the first plan period to Rs 2000 crore.

8. Ninth Five Year Plan: 1997 – 2002

30% reservation was given in all government schemes.

9. Tenth Five Year Plan: 2002 – 2007

Policies and programs were formulated to empower women.

10. Eleventh Five Year Plan: 2007 – 2012

Emphasis was placed on prevention of violence against women, economic empowerment, political participation, physical health etc.

Gender Inequality Index:

1. To measure gender disparities, it was introduced in the 2010 Human Resources Development Report, which marks the 20th anniversary of the United Nations Development Programme.
2. An index used to measure the overall loss of gender inequality in a country.

Opportunity cost – parameters:

1. Reproductive health
2. Empowerment

• Participation in the labor market

CGI – Indicators:

1. Reproductive Health Goals
2. Maternal Mortality Rate, MMR = 100 / 1 lakh
3. Adult Fertility Rate, TFR = 2.1 / 1000

• It is calculated with this.

2. Indicators of empowerment
3. Shares of seats in Parliament for each gender
4. 951 – 24 people attainment levels of higher education

• It is calculated with this. 2011 – 66

3. Calculating labor market participation

Labor market participation can be determined by counting the number of women participating in the workforce.

Gender gap index:

1. Refers to not being treated equally on the basis of gender.
2. It is a socioeconomic index

• Gender Inequality Index in India – 2021

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