Amendments

List of Constitutional Amendments of India (1st to 103rd Amendments)
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Amendment Year Objectives
1
st Amendment
Act
1951
Added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reform, Added
three more grounds of restrictions on freedom of speech
and expression, viz., public order, friendly relations with
foreign states and incitement to an offence. Empowered
the state to make special provisions for the advancement
of socially and economically backward classes.
2nd

Amendment Act
1952
Readjusted the scale of representation in the Lok Sabha by
providing that one member could represent even more
than 7,50,000 persons.
3
rd Amendment
Act
1954
Empowered the Parliament to control the production,
supply and distribution of the food stuffs, cattle fodder,
raw cotton, cotton seed and raw jute in the public interest.
4th Amendment
Act
1955
Made the scale of compensation given in lieu of
compulsory acquisition of private property beyond the
scrutiny of courts.
5
th Amendment
Act
1955
Empowered the president to fix the time-limit for the state
legislatures. Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs
and STs and exclusive representation for the AngloIndians in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative
assemblies for a period of ten years (i.e. up to 1970)
6th Amendment
Act
1956
Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than
newspapers, where such scale or purchase takes place in
the course of inter-state trade or commerce.
7
thAmendment
Act
1956 State reorganization

40th Amendment
Act
1976
Empowered the Parliament to specify from time to time
the limits of the territorial waters, the continental shelf,
the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and the maritime
zones of India.
41st Amendment
Act
1976
Raised the retirement age of members of State Public
Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission
from 60 to 62.
42nd Amendment
Act
1976
It is also known as Mini-Constitution. It was enacted to
give effect to the recommendations of Swaran Singh
Committee). Added three new words (i.e. socialist, secular
and integrity) in the Preamble. Added Fundamental
Duties by the citizens (new Part IVA). Made the president
bound by the advice of the cabinet. Added three new
Directive Principle viz., equal justice and free legal aid, the
participation of workers in the management of industries.
Shifted five subjects from the state list to be concurrent
list, viz., education, forests, protection of wild animals and
birds, weights and measures and administration of justice,
constitution and organisation of all courts except the
Supreme Court and the high courts. Empowered the
Centre to deploy its armed forces in any state to deal with
a grave situation of law and order.
43rd Amendment
Act
1977
Restored the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the
high courts in respect of judicial review and issue of writs
44th Amendment
Act
1978
Empowered the president to send back once the advice of
cabinet of reconsideration. However, the reconsidered
advice is to be binding on the president, Replaced the
term ‘internal disturbance’ by ‘armed rebellion’ in respect
of national emergency. Made the President declare a
national emergency only on the written recommendation
of the cabinet. Deleted the right to property from the list

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of Fundamental Rights and made it only a legal right.
45th Amendment
Act
1980
Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and
exclusive representation for the Anglo-Indian in the Lok
Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a further
period of ten. Facilitated the extension of President’s rule
in Punjab beyond one year without meeting the two
special conditions for such extension.
46th Amendment
Act
1983 Interstate sale tax
47th Amendment
Act
1984
Land reforms enacted for the state of Assam, Bihar,
Harayana, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
48th Amendment
Act
1984 Continuation of force in Punjab.
49th Amendment
Act
1984
Gave a constitutional sanctity to the Autonomous District
Council in Tripura.
50th Amendment
Act
1984
Empowered the Parliament to restrict the Fundamental
Rights of persons employed in intelligence organisations
and telecommunication systems set up for the armed
forces or intelligence organisations.
51st Amendment
Act
1984
Provided for reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha for STs
in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram
as well as in the Legislative Assemblies of Meghalaya and
Nagaland.
52nd Amendment
Act
1985
This amendment is popularly known as Anti-Defection
Law, Provided for disqualification of members of
Parliament and state legislatures on the ground of
defection and added a new Tenth Schedule containing the
details in this regard.
53rd Amendment
Act
1986
Made special provisions in respect of Mizoram and fixed
the strength of its Assembly at a minimum of 40
members.

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54th Amendment
Act
1986
Increased the salaries of the Supreme Court and high
court judges and enabled the Parliament to change them
in the future by ordinary law.
55th Amendment
Act
1986
Made special provisions in respect of Arunachal Pradesh
and fixed the strength of its Assembly at a minimum of 30
members.
56th Amendment
Act
1987
Fixed the strength of the Goa Legislative Assembly at a
minimum of 30 members.
57th Amendment
Act
1987
Reserved seats for the STs in the legislative assemblies of
the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
Nagaland.
58th Amendment
Act
1987
Provided for an authoritative text of the Constitution in
Hindi language and gave the same legal sanctity to the
Hindi version of the Constitution.
59th Amendment
Act
1988
Provided for the declaration of national emergency in
Punjab on the ground of internal disturbance.
60th Amendment
Act
1988
Increased the ceiling of taxes on professions, trades,
callings and employments from ₹.250 per annum to
₹.2,500 per annum.
61st Amendment
Act
1989
Reduced the voting age from 21years to 18 years for the
Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly elections.
62nd Amendment
Act
1989
Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and
exclusive representation for the Anglo-Indian in the Lok
Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for the further
period of ten years (i.e., up to 2000)
63rd Amendment
Act
1989
Repealed the changes introduced by the 59th Amendment
Act of 1988 concerning Punjab. In other words, Punjab
was brought at par with the other states in respect of
emergency provisions.
64th Amendment
Act
1990
Facilitated the extension of the President’s rule in Punjab
up to a total period of three years and six months.

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65th Amendment
Act
1990
Provided for the establishment of a multi-member
National Commission for SCs and STs in the place of a
Special Officer for SCs and STs.
66th Amendment
Act
1990
Included 55 more land reforms Acts of various states in
the Ninth Schedule.
67th Amendment
Act
1990
Facilitated the extension of the President’s rule in Punjab
up to a total period of four years.
68th Amendment
Act
1991
Facilitated the extension of the President’s rule in Punjab
up to a total period of five years.
69th Amendment
Act
1991
Accorded a special status to the Union Territory of Delhi
by designing it as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
70th Amendment
Act
1992
Provided for the inclusion of the members of the
Legislative Assemblies of National Capital Territory of
Delhi and the Union Territory of Puducherry in the
Electoral College for the election of the president.
71st Amendment
Act
1992
Included Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali languages in the
Eighth Schedule. With this, the total number of scheduled
languages increased to 18.
72nd Amendment
Act
1992
Provided for reservation of seats for the STs in the
legislative assembly of Tripura
73rd Amendment
Act
1992
Granted constitutional status and protection to the
Panchayati-raj institutions. For this purpose, the
Amendment has added a new Part-IX entitled as ‘the
panchayats’ and a new Eleventh Schedule containing 29
functional items of the panchayats.
74th Amendment
Act
1992
Granted constitutional status and protection to the urban
local bodies. For this purpose, the Amendment has added
a new Part IX-A entitled as ‘the municipalities’ and a new
Twelfth Schedule containing 18 functional items of the
municipalities.

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75th Amendment
Act
1994
Provided for the establishment of rent tribunals for the
adjudication of disputes concerning rent, its regulation
and control and tenancy issues including the rights, title,
and interest of landlords and tenants.
76th Amendment
Act
1994
Included the Tamil Nadu Reservation Act of 1994 (which
provided for 69 percent reservation of seats in educational
institutions and posts in state services) in the Ninth
Schedule to protect it from judicial review. In 1992, the
supreme court ruled that the total reservation should not
exceed 50 percent.
77th Amendment
Act
1995
Provided for reservation in promotions in government
jobs for SCs and STs.
78th Amendment
Act
1995
Included 27 more land reforms Acts of various states in
the Ninth Schedule. With this, the total number of Acts in
the Schedule increased to 282 But, the last entry is
numbered 284.
79th Amendment
Act
1999
Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and
exclusive representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok
Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a further
period of ten years (i.e., up to 2010)
80th Amendment
Act
2000
Provided for an ‘alternative scheme of devolution’ of
revenue between the Centre and state
81st Amendment
Act
2000
Empowered the state to consider the unfilled reserved
vacancies of a year as a separate class of vacancies to the
filled up in any succeeding year or years
82ndAmendment
Act
2000
Provided for making of any provision in favour of the SCs
and STs for relaxation in qualifying marks in any
examination or lowering the standards of evaluation, for
reservation in matters of promotion to the public services
of the Centre and the states.

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83rd Amendment
Act
2000
Provided that no reservation in panchayats need be made
for SCs in Arunachal Pradesh
84th Amendment
Act
2001
Extended the ban on readjustment of seats in the Lok
Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for another 25
years (i.e., up to 2026) with the same objectives of
encouraging population limiting measures.
85th Amendment
Act
2001
Provided for ‘consequential seniority’ in the case of
promotion under the rule of reservation for the
government servants belonging to the SCs and STs with
retrospective effect from June 1995
86th Amendment
Act
2002
Made elementary education a fundamental right. The
newly added Article 21-A declares that ‘the State shall
provide free and compulsory education to all children of
the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the
State may determine. ‘Changed the subject matter of
Article 45 in Directive Principles. Added a new
fundamental duty under Article 51-A which reads – ‘It
shall be the duty of every citizen of India who is a parent
or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his
child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years’.
87th Amendment
Act
2003
Provided for the readjustment and rationalization of
territorial constituencies in the states by the population
figures of 2001 census and not 1991 census as provided
earlier by the 84th Amendment Act of 2001
88th Amendment
Act
2003
(Article 268-A) – The Centre levies taxes on services.
However, their proceeds are collected as well as
appropriated by both the Centre and the states.
89th Amendment
Act
2003
Bifurcated the erstwhile combined National Commission
for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two
separate bodies, namely, National Commission for
Scheduled Castes (Article 338) and National Commission
for Schedules Tribes (Article 338-A). Both the

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Commission consist of a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson
and three other members. The President appoints them.
90th Amendment
Act
2003
Provided for maintaining the representation of the
Scheduled Tribes and non Scheduled Tribes in the Assam
legislative assembly from the Bodoland Territorial Areas
District (Article 332 (6)
91st Amendment
Act
2003
The total number of ministers, including the Prime
Minister, in the Central Council of Minister, shall not
exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha (Article
75 (1A)). The total number of ministers, including the
Chief Minister, in the Council of Ministers in a state shall
not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Legislative
Assembly of the state. However, the number of ministers,
including the Chief Minister, in a state shall not be less
than 12 (Article 164 (1A)).
92nd Amendment
Act
2003
Included four more languages in the Eighth Schedule.
They are Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Maithili (Maithili) and
Santhali. With this, the total number of constitutionally
recognised languages increased to 22.
93rd Amendment
Act
2005
Empowered the state to make special provisions for the
socially and educationally backward classes or the
Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in educational
institutions including private educational institutions.
This Amendment was enacted to nullify the Supreme
Court judgment in the Inamdar case (2005) where the
apex court ruled that the state cannot impose its
reservation policy on minority and non-minority unaided
private colleges, including professional colleges.

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94th Amendment
Act
2006
Freed Bihar from the obligation of having a tribal welfare
minister and extended the same provision to Jharkhand
and Chhattisgarh. This provision will now apply to the two
newly formed states and Madhya Pradesh and Orissa.
95th Amendment
Act
2009
Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and
exclusive representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok
Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a further
period of ten years, i.e., up to 2020 (Article 334).
96th Amendment
Act
2011
Substituted ‘Odia’ for ‘Oriya’ Consequently, the ‘Oriya’
language in the Eighth Schedule shall be pronounced as
‘Odia’.
97th Amendment
Act
2011
Gave a constitutional status and protection to cooperative societies. It made the right to form co-operative
societies a fundamental right (Article 19). It included a
new Directive Principle of State Policy on the promotion
of co-operative societies (Article 43-B). It added a new
Part IX-B in the constitution which is entitled as ‘The Cooperative societies’ (Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT).
98th Amendment
Act
2013
To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to
develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.
100th
Amendment Act
2014
This amendment is the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA)
between India and Bangladesh.
101st
Amendment Act
2016 Goods and Service Tax (GST).
102nd
Amendment Act
2018
Constitutional status to National Commission of
Backward Classes.
103rd
Amendment Act
2019 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Section.
Question:
1. List out the major amendments of our constitution and explain it.