Labour:

• Industries require a lot of cheap labour or manpower. Industries tend to locate in areas that have high populations. Countries like Indian and China have a large and cheap labour force. Labour can be further divided into skilled labour which has specific skills and semi-skilled labour which does not require specific skill. Diamond cutting industry requires skilled labour while packing industry does not possess specific skills.

Power:

• Power is the basic requirement to operate machinery. The industrial sector uses about 70% of the total commercial energy available all over the world. Major sources of power for industries are thermal (coal) and hydroelectric (water). Industries are located in areas, where power is easily available.

Capital:

• Capital or money is essential to set up any industry. This is required for getting all the necessary inputs for the industry. Some industries require large investments of money while others are not capital intensive. Larger the industry, greater is the capital requirement. Industries develop in areas where capital is available for investment.

Resources and Their types:

• Any material that if fond in these spheres that is useful to man is called a resource. Resources play an important role in the economic development of a country. Resources can be classified into different types based on different criteria. On the basis of development resources are classified into Potential resources and Development. Potential resources are those resources which have not yet been utilized by human. 
• For example, resources of Siberia and Antarctica. Developed resources are the resources which are used by human. For example coal, iron ore etc. On the basis of renewability, resources are classified into non renewable or stock resources and renewable or flow resources.

Non-renewable resources:

• Non – renewable resources are exhaustible resources because nature has a fixed stock of these resources. They are consumed faster that nature can replace them. For example, minerals are mined or extracted from the Earth’s crust and once extracted cannot be replaced. 
• Metallic minerals are minerals that contain metals in their ore form. Non metallic minerals are minerals that do not contain metals in their ore form. Power minerals are minerals from which energy can be produced.

Coal:

• Coal is called a ‘fossil fuel’ because it was formed many million years ago. Large forests were buried in sedimentary basins by geological processes. Over time the buried plant matter got converted into coal due to pressure and heat.
• The important coal fields of the world are found in USA, Russia, Germany and the UK. In Asia, and India. In Tamil Nadu, coal is mined at Neyveli which has large reserves of lignite or brown coal 

Oil and Natural Gas:

• Oil is usually found in some strata of marine sedimentary rocks like mudstone, shale, sandstone etc. the remains of plants and calcareous animals (shelled animals) which were buried in the Earth, were subjected to heat and pressure. They changed into oil and this is found trapped in the pore spaces of the rocks.  Natural gas, which is a lighter hydro-carbon, is found in the strata above the oil.
• In india, major oil fields are found on shore in Assam. India’s largest offshore oil field is in Mumbai High. There is potential to develop oil in Tamil Nadu in the Cauvery Basin.

Nuclear Minerals:

• Minerals like uranium and thorium are used to generate nuclear power. Rich deposits of Uranium are found in Namibia, Kazakhstan and Canada. In India, some of the coastal sands of Tamil Nadu and Kerala are rich in illminite.  The USA is the world’s largest producer of nuclear power, (30% of worldwide nuclear generation of electricity). France is the largest user of nuclear power. (over 75% of its electricity is form nuclear energy).

Renewable Resources:

• Renewable resources are those which are infinite or are constantly renewed by nature.

Hydro – electric power:  It is generated from falling water.  Hydroelectric power is used extensively in many parts of the world where there are large rivers.  The Three Gorges Dam across the river Yangtze in China is the largest hydro electric power project in the world.  In India, the Bhakra Nangal Dam is the largest source of Hydro – electric power.

Solar Power:

• Solar energy, is used to light homes, buildings and heat water. Photovoltaic cells are required to store the suns energy. Germany is the world’s largest producer of solar power.

Wind Energy:

• Wind energy is generated by using the wind to run turbines in areas where there is a constant flow of wind. Europe is a major user of wind energy. Twenty percent of Denmark’s electricity comes from wind power.

Biomass:

• The main sources of biomass are trees, crops and agricultural and animal wastes. Among these, wood fuel is the most important in the developing countries. Gobar gas or methane is generated from cow manure.  Biofuels are now being produced from crops like sugarcane and Jetropha.

Resources and Economic Activities

• The availability of resources in different parts of the Earth has determined the different occupations of humans. These occupations include food gathering, hunting, fishing, mining, growing crops, processing, manufacturing, assembling and trading goods. Through all these actions, mans attains economic gains.  Therefore, these actions of humans are otherwise called as economic activities
• According to the stage of evolution of these activities, they can be grouped into 5 main types such as Primary activities, Secondary activities, Tertiary activities, Quarternary activities and Quinary activities.

Primary activities:

• These are age old activities – food gathering, hunting animals, grazing, extracting minerals (mining), fishing, lumbering and cultivation of the land. These activities are called primary activities are called primary activities and workers involved in primary activities are called red – collar workers.

Secondary activities:

• Humans are able to increase the value of resources by processing and converting the raw materials into a valuable product. These activities are called secondary activities. Workers involved in secondary activities are called blue – collar workers.

Tertiary activities:

• Trade, Transport and Communication, which are related to services that promote secondary activities are called the Tertiary activities. The workers involved with tertiary activities are called as Pink – collar workers.

Quarternary Activities:

• Services rendered by professionals in education, legal aid, medicine, entertainment, recreation, management, research and development, which have specialized environments fall under the category of Quaternary activities. People working in these sectors are called White – Collar workers.

Quinary Activities:

• Decision makers and policy makers at the highest level fall into this category. The decision making activity of advisors or consultants, like legal authorities and professional consultants, in private and government sectors in all fields are included in this type of occupation. They are called as Gold – collar workers.

Types of Primary Activity:

• In its most primitive form primary activity includes foods gathering hunting.

Gathering:

• This includes the collection of fruits and roots from forests and sometimes includes hunting. This kind of activity is prevalent among remote, isolated tribal groups of people. Bushman of Africa, aborigines (Jaravas, Onges) of Andaman and Nicobar.

Hunting:

• Hunting is a primary activity in which people hunt animals for their meat and skin. This kind of activity is still prevalent among remote isolated groups of people. Example, Phgmies of Africa, the Amerindians of the Amazon basin, Eskimos of Canada.

Herding:

• Herding is a primary activity in which people graze a large number of animals on natural pastures.

Fishing:

• Fishing is a primary activity along rivers and lakes and in coastal areas. Inland fishing is usually simple and on a small scale. Tonle Sap is the world’s largest inland fishing lake in the world.

Lumbering:

• Lumbering is a primary activity that extracts wood from the forests for varied uses. Mining and agriculture are also primary activities but they involve more human interaction and are practiced on a large scale.

PRIMARY ACTIVITY I

MINING

• Mining is an important primary activity. It supports the industrial growth of a country. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth. Minerals are non-renewable resources.  Mining therefore is known as a Robber industry because the extracted materials cannot be replaced.

Types of Mining:

• Surface Mining methods include open cast mining, strip mining and alluvial mining. It is used to mine the minerals that are found closer to the surface.
• Open cast mining involves the digging out of minerals that occur on the surface of the Earth. Strip mining removes long strips of overlying soil and rock. Alluvial mining is used to extract minerals by panning or dredging minerals like tin and gold which are sometimes mixed with alluvium in the river bed.
• Quarrying is the mining of building materials like limestone from the Earth’s surface. In underground mining ores are extracted from greater depths beneath the surface. Drilling is a mining method used to extract minerals like Oil and natural gas.

PRIMARY ACTIVITY II

AGRICULTURE

• Agriculture includes not only the growing of crops and trees but may also include the domestication of animals. Agriculture includes preparation of land, seeding, irrigation, development of hybrid varieties in order to grow food to support large populations.
• Agricultural crops can be broadly grouped into food and cash crops. Cash crops are not consumed as food but are used as raw materials for further processing (for example, rubber, cinchona and cotton). Food crops may be grown as subsistence crops or as commercial crops.

Geographical factors that determine Agriculture:

Climate:    

Climatic  factors like temperature and rainfall affect agriculture.

Temperature:               

• Most plants cannot grow if the temperature falls below 6⁰C as the soil gets frozen. For example, rice is the principal crop of the tropical region as it requires high temperature and plenty of water. Altitude affects the temperature and so it also affects the agriculture.  Growing seasons vary from crop to crop.  Some crops like cotton require 200 frost free days for their optimum growth and so are grown in the warmer seasons.

Rainfall:

• Moisture availability determines the type of crop and the growing season. Seasonal variation of rainfall is important as different crops require water at different times. The amount of rainfall determines the types of crops grown in an area.  Rice is grown wherever the rainfall is abundant, while millets and grown in the drier regions.

Irrigation:

• Where rainfall is inadequate of unreliable, irrigation is necessary for agriculture.

Types of irrigation:

Ditch irrigation:

• Ditch irrigation is one in which water is distributed to the fields through canals. Sprinkler irrigation sprays water through sprinklers located in the fields.

Central pivot irrigation:

• The circular area around a pivot is irrigated, often creating a circular pattern in crops when viewed form above.
• Drip irrigation in which water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop.

Landforms:

• The major relief features are mountains, plateaus and plains. Among them, the plains with fertile soils and level lands make agriculture possible. The most intensively cultivated areas of the world are the lowlands.

Soils:

• Soils influence crop cultivation because different crops prefer different soils. Alluvial soils are the most fertile any ideal for agriculture since they are replenished constantly. Other fertile soils that are used extensively for agriculture include volcanic soils and grassland soils.
• Types of Agriculture: Agricultural types include shifting agriculture, subsistence farming, intensive subsistence farming, commercial agriculture, extensive mechanized farming and mixed farming.
• Subsistence Agriculture: In this type of farming, the farmers grow just enough food for themselves and their families. Subsistence agriculture may be of two types-simple subsistence agriculture and intensive subsistence agriculture. Simple subsistence farming is practiced by small tribal groups and is also called shifting agriculture. Shifting agriculture is called by different names in different parts of the world Roco in Brazil, Jhum, Bewar and Poda in India, Milpa in central America and soon.
• Intensive subsistence farming is found in the density populated monsoon lands of Asia. Rice is the dominant crop. Farms are very small and the farmers cultivate it intensively using manure, high yielding varieties of seeds, family labour and the land is never left fallow. Crop yield is very high.

Commercial Farming:

• This type of farming is also called extensive farming. In this type of farming, crops are raised on a very large scale and farming is mechanized.

Plantation agriculture:

• Plantations are very large farms in tropical areas which involve heavy capital and focus on crops like tea, coffee and rubber. These are usually perennial crops where the crops yield for many years. Plantations are found in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, India, Indonesia etc.

Mixed Farming:

• This is a special type of farming found in the well developed parts of the world in which crops as well as livestock are raised. Such farms are common in Western Europe.

PRIMARY ACTIVITY II

CROPS

Rice:

• Rice is the most important staple food for a large part of human population, especially in Asia and Latin America. Rice was first domesticated in the Yangtze River valley of China.

Condition for the growth of rice:

• Rice requires an average temperature of 24⁰C and an average rainfall of 150 cm. where rainfall is inadequate, the crop has to be irrigated. Rice can be cultivated thrice in a year in the river deltas. Alluvial soils are best suited for rice cultivation because of their high fertility.  Asia is the largest producer of rice.  Asian farmers account for 98% of the world’s rice producers.  China, India, Indonesia and Bangladesh are the top 4 producers of rice.

Wheat:

• Wheat is a temperate crop and it is an essential part of the diet of the temperate regions.

Conditions for the growth of wheat:

• Wheat requires warm and moist conditions in the early stages of growth and dry sunny conditions in the later stages. Temperatures of 15⁰C – 20⁰C is ideal for wheat growth. It requires an average rainfall of 50 – 60 cm.  It grows best in clayey or loamy soils.
• The world’s greatest wheat producing areas are USA, China, Ukraine, Canada, Argentina, Australia, India and Pakistan. In India, U.P, Punjab and Haryana are the major wheat producing states.

Cotton:

• Cotton is a shrub native to tropical and sub-tropical regions

Conditions for the growth of Cotton:

• Cotton grows well in areas having temperatures between 20 – 30⁰C and rainfall of 50 – 100 cm. Black soils and alluvial soils are best suited for cotton cultivation. The leading producers cotton are the USA, Uzbekistan, Brazil and Pakistan.
• In India, cotton producing states include Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana and parts of Rajasthan.

Jute:

• Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre which can be spun into coarse strong threads. Jute is used for making jute bags, carpets and yarns.

Conditions for the growth of Jute:

• Jute requires a high temperature of 30⁰C and rainfall of more than 150 cm. Well – drained fertile alluvial soils are ideal for the cultivation of jute.

Sugarcane:

• Sugarcane is a tall tropical grass which grows to a height of 3.5 m. It is cultivated almost everywhere in the tropics and the subtropics.

Conditions for the growth of sugar cane:

• Sugarcane requires a hot climate with an average temperature of 24⁰C throughout the year. It requires about 130 cm of rainfall and deep, well – drained fertile soils.
• Latin America and Southern and Eastern Asia are the main producing regions India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Brazil are other important producers.

Tea:

• Tea is a beverage made from the leaves of a tropical shrub. Tea is a hardy perennial shrub. The plant is constantly trimmed to a height of 1.5 m. to stimulate the growth of new leaves and to facilitate the picking of new leaves and to facilitate the picking of the leaves.

Conditions for the growth of Tea:

• Tea is cultivated on the hill slopes of the tropics and the subtropics. It requires an average temperature of 21⁰C and rainfall of 150 to cm for its growth severe frosts damage the crop. Tea requires well drained soils.  China, India and Sri Lanka are the major producers of tea.  In India tea is grown in Assam, West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

SECONDARY ACTIVITY I

INDUSTRIES

• The place where the raw materials are converted into finished or usable products with the help of machines is known as an industry. The activity of processing raw materials into finished products is called a Secondary Activity.
• Coal was the first fuel that launched the industrial revolution. Major changes in agriculture, mining and transport brought about a socio-economic transformation in the world.

Factors affecting the location of Industries:

• Industries cannot be developed everywhere. There are certain factors that influence the location of industries. These factors can be both geographical and human both geographical and human factors.

Raw material:

• Some industries require large quantities of heavy raw material. Such industries are located near the raw materials to reduce the time and cost involved in transporting them. Iron and steel industries are always located near the coal mines or iron mines.  For example, Tata Iron and Steel industries are located near the Raniganj, Jharia and Bokaro coal fields.

Labour:

• Industries require a lot of cheap labour or manpower. Industries tend to locate in areas that have high populations. Countries like India and China have a large and cheap labour force. Labour can be further divided into skilled labour which has specific skills and semi-skilled labour which does not require specific skill.  Diamond cutting industry requires skilled labour while packing industry does not possess specific skills.

Power:

• Power is the basic requirement to operate machinery. The industrial sector uses about 70% of the total commercial energy available all over the world. Major sources of power for industries are thermal (coa) and hydroelectric (water).  Industries are located in areas, where power is easily available.

Capital:

• Capital or money is essential to set up any industry. This is required for getting all the necessary inputs for the industry. Some industries require large investments of money while others are not capital intensive.  Larger the industry, greater is the capital requirement.  Industries develop in areas where capital is available for investment.

Transport:

• Transport is essential to procure raw materials form the sources to the industry and transfer the finished products to the market. Industries require fast and cost – effective modes of transport. Hence, industries are located in areas where transportation is well developed.

Proximity to Market:

• Certain industries are located near the market when they involve the assembling of numerous components. For example, automobile industry, Industries producing perishable commodities like dairy products and fragile goods like glass are also located near markets. One or more of the above geographical and human factors determine the location of industries worldwide.  Other factors like climatic conditions and availability of water also influence the location of industries.

SECONDARY ACTIVITY II

Types of Industries

• Bases on raw materials:
• Based on the type of raw materials used industries can be classified into the following types:

1. Forest based industry

The raw materials are obtained from the forests.  Paper industry and furniture making

1. Agro – based industry

These industries use raw materials obtained from agriculture to produce new products like cotton textiles, jute products and sugar.

1. Mineral based industry

The raw materials for these industries are mineral ores.  Iron and Steel, Cement, Aluminium and Chemicals.

• Size of Industry:

Based on the scale of operations industries are divided ito:

• Large scale industry

These industries are large establishments which involve huge investment, the use of heavy machinery and the employment of a large number of workers.

• Medium scale industry

These industries are medium in size and investment and are technology oriented.  Example: computer industry and electronic industry.

• Small scale industry

These industries are small establishments with small investments and small labour force.  It may involve domestic production.  For example, hosiery, hand tools and stationery items.

• Cottage industry

These industries are very small in size with low investment.  They are usually family or small group based.  Examples of such industries include handloom, mat weaving, bamboo, cane products and pottery.

• Production process

Based on the process involved in production, industries are categorized into:

• Heavy industry

These industries use bulky raw materials and produce large and heavy products

• Light industry

In these industries, both raw materials and finished products are light in weight. They are less capital intensive and consumer oriented.

• Nature of work

Under this criterion, different industries can be distinguished based on the nature of work.

They are:

• Processing industries

These industries process raw materials into semi-finished products.

• Manufacturing industries

These industries convert raw materials or semi-finished products into finished products.

• Assembling industry

These industries assemble or fit together various finished products to form new products.

• Nature of Owner ship

Based on the ownership of the industry, industries are classified into:

• Public sector

These industries are industries which are owned by the government.  Example:  the Steel Authority of India (SAIL) and Bharath Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL).

• Private Sector

These industries are owned by individuals or small groups.  Example: Reliance.

(iv) Location:

          Based on the location of the industry industries may be classified into:

• Raw Material Oriented

These industries are located near the raw material because of the bulky or peculiar nature of the raw material.  For example, iron and steel industries.

• Market Oriented

These industries are located near the markets because of the perishable nature of the products.  Example: Bread, cakes, cooked meats

• Footloose industry

These industries can be located anywhere because the raw materials are machines or parts manufactured.  Example: Watch industry.

TERTIARY ACTIVITY I

TRADE

• Trade is the exchange of commodities within or between countries. The commodities entering into world trade may fall into two main categories:

1. Primary products which includes food stuffs (cereals, fruits and industrial raw materials (ores, fibre).
2. Secondary products are manufactured goods.

Factors Affecting Trade:

1. Uneven distribution of natural resources:
2. Stage of industrial/economic development:
3. Differences in climate:
4. Differences in population
5. Transportation
6. Government policies

• Trading blocs are associations between groups of neighbouring countries for the purpose of promoting trade. For example: Associationof South East Asian Trading Nations (ASEAN) and Europena Union (EU).

TERTIARY ACTIVITY II

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

• Transportation is the movement of people and goods from place to place.

Roadways:

• Roads are the most common mode of transportation in the world. Roads can be classified as transcontinental roads, national roads and local roads. The transcontinental highways are important and they are long roads connecting the continents form end to end.

Railways:

• Railways developed with the rise of industries because they were the cheapest and fastest means of transport for carrying bulk goods over long distances. Railway network is densest in the highly developed industrialized regions of Europe and North America.
• Indian Railway is the second largest in Asia and the 4^th largest in the world. It is densest in the Gangetic plains of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. The Indian Railway employs the largest workforce in the world.

The Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) is an elevated line of the suburban railway in Chennai (Madras), Tamil Nadu.

Water ways:

• Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They may be divided into inland waterways and ocean transport.

Inland waterways:

Deep navigable rivers with a perennai flow of water and navigation canals constitute the inland waterways.  In India, inland waterways are limited to the river Brahmaputra in Assam and the Ganges and its tributaries in U.P. and Bihar.

Ocean transport:

• Ocean routes were once an important form of transport for intercontinental travel. Today, it is used mainly for transporting bulky cargo.

Airways:

• Airways are the fastest and costless means of transport which carry passengers, freight and mall.

Pipelines:

Pipelines are used to transfer commodities like oil and natural gas.  The oil pipelines are privately owned by oil companies.  The bulk of the world’s crude oil from the oil fields is transported to the refineries or shipping terminals through pipelines.

Communication:

• Communication involves the transmission of words and messages. The different forms of communication are telecommunications and mass communications. The first development in communication was the invention of the telegraph in 1844.
• Mass communication can be divided into two categories – the print media(books, journals, magazines, newspapers) and the electronic media (radio, television, telecommunication, Internet).