Physical Geography of Tamil Nadu Introduction

The study of one’s own region is the first step to become a global citizen. The purpose of studying our local territory is to understand life in our environment. In the last fi ve lessons, you have learnt about various geographical characterstics of our country. In this lesson and those that follow, we shall learn about the geography of Tamil Nadu.You will get to know about the etymology, history of formation, location, size, physical divisions, rivers, climate, soil and natural vegetation of Tamil Nadu in this chapter.

Our state Tamil Nadu has a hoary past with a variety of cultural practices and traditions.Its exquisite physiography and climate makes our state unique in India. It has long and sunny beaches, waterfalls, hills, forests and varied fl ora and fauna.

As per, the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, state boundaries were reorganized on some linguistic basis.

Formation of Tamil Nadu

During Sangam age, the Tamizham was ruled by three great emperors

– Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas – and virtuous kings ruling small kingdoms like Adhiyaman and Pari. For a short time, the Tamil country was ruled by the Kalabras, but not much about their time is recorded or known.

After the Kalabras, the Tamil country came under the control of the Pallavas, Cholas, Pandyas, Marathas, Mughals and Vijayanagara empires in succession until the British took administrative control over the entire country,starting from Madras.

During the British period, our country was divided into three presidencies, namely Madras, Bombay and Calcutta for political and military purposes. Tamil Nadu and parts of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and Orissa (Odisha) constituted the Madras Presidency. After independence, following the linguistic division of states, Telugu-speaking areas were bifurcated from the Madras state. After bifurcation, there were only 13 districts in Madras state. The Madras state was renamed as Tamil Nadu by C.N. Annadurai, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, on January 14, 1969.

Location and Size

Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India, located in the southern most part of the country. This landmass extends from 8°4’N to 13°35’N latitudes and from 76°18’E to 80°20’E longitudes. Its eastern and western extremities are defined by the Point Calimere and the hills of Anaimalai respectively. The northern extremity of the state is marked by Pulicat lake and the southernmost point is Cape Comorin.It covers an area of 1,30,058 sq.km and is the 11th largest state in India. It covers 4% of the area of our country.

Boundaries and Neighbours

Tamil Nadu is bounded by Bay of Bengal in the east, Kerala in the west, Andhra Pradesh in the north, Karnataka in the northwest and Indian Ocean in the south. Gulf of Mannar and Palk Strait separate Tamil Nadu from the Island of Sri Lanka, which lies to the southeast of India. The state has 1,076 km long coastline,the second-longest in India after Gujarat.

Administrative Divisions

Already we have learnt that the state of Tamil Nadu had only 13 districts at the time of its formation. After that, the state was reorganized several times for the purpose of administrative convenience. At present there are 35 districts in Tamil Nadu, including the newly created districts such as Kallakurichi, Tenkasi and Chengalpet. The administrative divisions of the

state are given in the following table.

Divisions                                           Numbers

Districts                                            35 (32+3)

Revenue Divisions                           76

Taluks                                               226

Firkas                                               1,127

Revenue Villages                             16,564

Municipal Corporations                   15

Municipalities                                   125

Panchayat Unions (Blocks)              385

Town Panchayats                             561

Village Panchayats                           12,618

Lok Sabha Constituencies                39

Assembly Constituencies       234

Physiographic Divisions

We have learnt about endogenetic and exogeniec processes in 9th std. Have you ever thought what kind of landforms on which you live? Have you ever noticed the landscapes, you come across while travelling from one place to another? Have you ever wondered how these landforms were formed? Let’s see the major physical features of Tamil Nadu and their characteristics.

Tamil Nadu is located on the Peninsular Plateau, known as Deccan Plateau. It is also a part of the ancient Gondwana land that broke away 135 million years ago during Cretaceous Period. Tamil Nadu has many unique land features which include high eroded mountains, shallow deep valleys and plains. The topography of the state slopes towards east. Based on the major differences in relief, Tamil Nadu is divided into the physical divisions of Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Plateaus, Coastal and Inland plains.

Western Ghats

Western Ghats extends from the Niligris in the north to Marunthuvazh Malai at Swamithope in Kanyakumari district in the south. Height of the Western Ghats ranges from 2,000 to 3,000 metres. It covers an area of about 2,500 sq.km. Though the Western Ghats is a continuous range, it has some passes. The passes are Palghat, Shencottah, Aralvaimozhi, and Achankoil. The Niligris, Anaimalai, Palani hills, Cardamom hills,Varusanadu, Andipatti and Agasthiyar hills are the major hills of Western Ghats .

Nilgiri Hills

The Nilgiri hills is located in the Northwestern part of Tamil Nadu. It consists of 24 peaks with more than 2,000 metres height. Doddabetta is the highest peak (2,637 metres) of this hills followed by Mukkuruthi (2,554 metres). Ooty and Coonoor are the major hill stations located on this hills. It has more than 2,700 species of flowering plants and the state animal Nilgiri Tahr is found in this hill. Much of the Nilgiris natural montane grasslands and shrublands have been disturbed or destroyed by extensive tea plantations and cattle grazing.

Anaimalai

Anaimalai is located in the border of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is located to the south of Palghat Gap. Anaimalai Tiger Reserve, Aliyar Reserved Forest, Valparai hill station, Kadamparai hydroelectric Power Plant are located on this hills. Aliyar and Tirumurthy dams are located at the foothills of this range.

Palani Hills

Palani hills are the eastward extension of the Western Ghats. Except its western part, these hills are located in Dindigul district. Vandaravu (2,533 metres) is the highest peak in the Palani hills. Vembadi Shola (2,505 metres) is its second highest peak. The hill station of Kodaikanal (2,150 metres) lies in the south central portion of the range.

Cardamom Hills

These hills are also known as Yela Mala hills located in the southwestern part of Tamil Nadu. It acquires its name from the cardamom spice, which is commonly grown here. Pepper and coffee are the other crops cultivated over the hills. They meet the Anaimalai hills in the northwest, the Palani you come across while travelling from one

Peaks in Western Ghats                 Height(m)

Doddabetta                                          2,637

Mukkuruthi                                         2,554

Vembadisolai                                      2,505

Perumalmalai                                      2,234

Kottaimtalai                                        2,019

Pagasura                                              1,918

hills in the northeast and Varusanadu and Andipatti hills in the southeast.

Varusanadu and Andipatti Hills

Another eastward extension of Western Ghats is Varusanadu and Andipatti hills.Megamalai (the highway mountain),Kalugumalai, Kurangani hill station, and Suruli and Kumbakarai waterfalls are found on these hills. Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wild life Sanctuary is located in the southern slope of these hills in Virudhunagar district. Vaigai river and its tributaries originate in this region.

Pothigai Hills

Its major part lies in Tirunelveli district with its southern slope in the Kanyakumari district. Pothigai hills are called with different names such as the Shiva Jothi Parvath, Agasthiyar hills and Southern Kailash.These hills feature richest biodiversity in the Western Ghats. This area is known for its rich evergreen forest, waterfalls and ancient temples. Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve is located in this region.

Mahendragiri Hills

This continous range is situated along the border of Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts and is a part of the southern range of the Western Ghats. Its average height is 1,645 metres. ISRO Propulsion Complex, a test facility for Indian Space Research Organisation’s launch vehicles and satellite propulsion systems, is situated on the lower slopes of this mountain.

The Eastern Ghats

Unlike Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats is a discontinuous and irregular one. It is dissected at many places by the rivers, which drain into the Bay of Bengal. Its height ranges from 1,100 to 1,600 metres. These hills separate the plains from plateaus. Javadhu, Servarayan, the Kalrayan, Kollimalai and Pachaimalai are the major hills of the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu and are located in northern districts of the state.

Javadhu Hills

Javadhu hills are an extension of the Eastern Ghats spread across parts of Vellore and Tiruvannamalai districts and separates these two districts. Many peaks with the height of 1,100–1,150 metres are located in this range.Melpattu is its highest peak. The Vainu Bappu Observatory (VBO) Kavalur, which began operations in 1967, is located on these hills.Many parts of this range are covered with bluish grey granites. It is noted for its fruit bearing trees, medicinal herbs and sandalwoods.Due to illegal logging, sandalwood trees are disappeared now.

Kalvarayan Hills

The name ‘Kalvarayan’ comes from the word ‘Karalar’, the ancient name of the present tribes. It is another major range of hills in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu. This range, along with the Pachaimalai, Aralvaimalai,Javadhu and Servarayan hills, separates the river basins of Cauvery and Palar. The height of this hill ranges from 600 to 1,220 metres.These hills have two sections. The northern section is referred as the Chinna Kalvarayan and the southern one the Periya Kalvarayan.The average height of Chinna Kalvarayan is 825 metres and the Periya Kalvarayan is 1,220 metres.

Servarayan Hills

It is a mountain range located near the Salem city with the height ranging from 1,200 to 1,620 metres. The name of the range comes from a local deity, Servarayan. Th e highest peak in the southern part of the Eastern Ghats is located in this range. Th e peak is Solaikaradu and its height is 1,620 metres. Th e hill station Yercaud, which is known as poor man’s Ooty, is located on this range. Servarayan temple is its highest point (1623 metres).

Peaks in Eastern Ghats                  Height(m)

Shervarayan temple                         1,623

Mazhamalai                                     1,500

Urgamalai                                        1,486

Kuttirayan                                        1,395

Muganur                                           1,279

Valsamalai                                       1,034

Districts                                 Hills

Coimbatore                             Maruthamalai, Velliangiri and Anaimalai

Dharmapuri                            Th eertha malai, Chitteri and Vathalmalai

Dindigul                                  Pazhamalai and Kodaikanal

Erode                                      Chenni hills and Sivan hills

Vellore                                    Javadhu, Yelagiri and Rathinamalai hills

Namakkal                               Kolli hills

Salem                                      Servarayan, Kanjamalai and   Chalk hills

Villupuram                             Kalvarayan and Gingee hills

Perambalur                             Pachaimalai

Kanyakumari                          Marunthuvazhmalai

Tirunelveli                              Mahendragiri and Agasthiyarmalai

The Nilgiris                            Nilgiri hills

Kolli Hills

It is a small mountain range located in Namakkal district. It covers an area of about 2,800 sq.km. It rises up to 1300 metres. This is a mountain range that runs almost parallel to the east coast of South India. Arpaleeswarar temple located on this range is an important pilgrim centre. It has the largest cover of evergreen or shola forest when compared to other parts of the Eastern Ghats. Several coffee plantations, fruits, flowers

and silveroak estates are found in this region.

Pachaimalai

It is the lowest hill range, spreads over the districts of Perambalur, Tiruchirapalli and Salem. In Tamil language, pachai means green.The vegetation in this range is greener than the vegetative cover of the other hills in this region. Hence it is named as ‘Pachai malai’. Jackfruit is a popular seasonal agricultural product of this hills.

Plateaus

Plateaus of Tamil Nadu are located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats. It is roughly triangular in shape and covers an area of about 60,000 sq.km. Its height increases from east to west. Its height ranges between 150 and 600 metres. This plateau is broader in the north and very narrow in the south. It has many subdivisions.

Bharamahal plateau is a part of the Mysore plateau situated in the northwestern part of Tamil Nadu. Its height ranges from 350 to 710 metres. Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts are located in this region.Coimbatore plateau lies between the Nilgiris and Dharmapuri districts. Its height varies from 150 to 450 metres. This region includes Salem, Coimbatore and Erode

districts. The area of this plateau is about 2,560 sq.km. Its height varies from 352 to 710 metres. Moyar river separates this plateau from the Mysore plateau.

Rivers like Bhavani, Noyyal and Amaravathi, which originate from Western Ghats, form valleys in this region. Many intermontane plateaus are found in the region of the Nilgiris. Sigur plateau is one such plateau.Madurai plateau found in Madurai district extends up to the foothills of the Western Ghats. Vaigai and Thamirabarani basins are located in this zone.

Plains

The plains of Tamil Nadu may be divided into two, namely inland plains and coastal plains. Inland plains are drained by the rivers Palar, Ponnaiyar, Cauvery and Thamirabarani. Cauvery plains is one of the most important fertile plains of the state. The plains of Cauvery is found in Salem, Erode, Karur, Tiruchirapalli, Pudukottai, Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam districts.

Coastal plains of Tamil Nadu are also called Coromandel or Cholamandalam (land of Cholas) plain, which extends from Chennai to

Kanyakumari. It is formed by the rivers that flow towards east drain in  the

Bay of Bengal. It is more than 80 kilometres wide at some places.Though it is an emerged coast, some parts are submerged into the sea. The sand dunes formed along the coast of Ramanathapuram and Thoothukudi districts are called Teri.coral rocks are found at the head of Gulf of Mannar in the east coastal plain.

Beaches

The Coromandel Coast along the Bay of Bengal consists of many beautiful and exotic beaches. The golden sands of Tamil Nadu beaches are scattered with palm and casuarinas groves. Marina and Elliot beaches of Chennai,Kovalam and Silver beaches of Kanyakumari are some of the famous beaches in Tamil Nadu.

Drainage

Rivers of Tamil Nadu are its lifeline.Though it has many rivers, the rivers of Cauvery, Palar, Ponnaiyar, Vaigai and Thamirabarani are the notable ones. Most of the rivers of Tamil Nadu originate from Western Ghats and flow towards east and drain into the Bay of Bengal. All the rivers of the state are non-perennial except Thamirabarani. It is perennial as it is fed by both the southwest and northeast monsoons.

Cauvery

The river Cauvery originates at Talacauvery in the Brahmagiri hills of Kodagu(coorg) district of Karnataka in the Western Ghats.About 416 km of its course falls in Tamil Nadu. It serves as the boundary between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu for a distance of 64 km. It forms Hogenakkal waterfalls in Dharmapuri district. Mettur Dam, also called as the Stanley Reservoir, is located across this river in Salem district. A tributary called Bhavani joins Cauvery on the right bank about 45 km from the Mettur Reservoir. Thereafter, it takes easterly course to enter into the plains of Tamil Nadu. Two more tributaries, Noyyal and Amaravathi, confluence the river on the right bank at Thirumukkudal 10 km from Karur.

The river is wider in this region, where it is called as ‘Agandra Cauvery’.In Tiruchirappalli district, the river branches into two parts. The northern branch is called Coleroon or Kollidam and the southern branch remains Cauvery. From here, the Cauvery delta begins. After flowing for about 16 km, the two branches join again to form the ‘Srirangam Island’. The Grand Anaicut, also called as Kallanai was built across the river Cauvery. After Kallanai, the river breaks into a large number of distributaries

and forms a network all over the delta. The network of distributaries within the delta of Cauvery in the coast is called as the ‘Garden of Southern India’. It merges into Bay of Bengal to the south of Cuddalore.

Palar

The Palar river rises beyond Talagavara village in the Kolar district of Karnataka. The Palar drains an area of 17,871 sq.km, out of which nearly 57% lies in Tamil Nadu and the rest in the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Ponnai, Goundinya Nadhi, Malattar, Cheyyar and Kiliyar are its major tributaries. Its total length is 348 km, out of which 222 km of its course falls in Tamil Nadu. It flows through the districts of Vellore and Kancheepuram before entering into Bay of Bengal near Kuvattur.

Then Pennaiyar/Then Ponnaiyar

It originates from the eastern slope of Nandi Durga hills in eastern Karnataka. It drains an area of 16,019 sq.km, of which nearly 77% lies in Tamil Nadu. It flows for a distance of 247 km in the southeasterly direction in the districts of Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Vellore,Tiruvannamalai, Cuddalore and Villupuram.

It branches into two, viz. Gadilam and the Ponnaiyar near Tirukoilur Anaicut. Gadilam joins the Bay of Bengal near Cuddalore and Ponnaiyar near the Union Territory of Puducherry. Chinnar, Markandanadhi, Vaniar and Pambar are its tributaries. Heavy rain at the river’s source cause sudden but short-lived floods. The river is extensively dammed for irrigation, especially in Tamil Nadu. There are reservoirs at Krishnagiri and Sathanur across this river. The Ponnaiyar is considered sacred by Hindus and festivals are held during the Tamil month of Thai (January– February).

Vaigai

Vaigai river rises from the eastern slopes of the Varusanadu hills of Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu. It drains an area of 7,741 sq.km, which lies entirely in the state of Tamil Nadu. It flows through the districts of Madurai, Sivaganga and Ramanathapuram. Its length is 258 km. It discharges its water into the Ramnad Big Tank and some other small tanks. The surplus water from the tanks is finally discharged into Palk Strait near Ramanathapuram.

Thamirabarani

The name is interpreted as Thamiram (copper) and Varuni (streams of river). The water of this river gives a copper like appearance due to the presence of dissolved suspended red soil. It originates from a peak in Pothigai hills on the Western Ghats above Papanasam in the Ambasamudram taluk. The origin of the river is associated with Sage Agasthiyar. It courses through

the districts of Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi and finally flow into the Bay of Bangal near Punnaikayal in Thoothukudi district. Karaiyar,Servalar, Manimuthar, Gadananathi, Pachaiyar, Chittar and Ramanathi are its main tributaries.

Major waterfalls in Tamil Nadu

District                                   Waterfalls

Dharmapuri                            Hogenakkal

Thirunelveli                            Kalyanatheertham,Courtallam

Theni                                       Kumbakkarai and Suruli

Namakkal                               Agayagangai

The Nilgiri                              Catherine and Pykara

Salem                                      Kiliyur

Virudhunagar                          Ayyanar

Coimbatore                             Vaideki,Sengupathi,Siruvani andKovaikutrala

Tiruppur                                  Tirumurthy

Madurai                                   Kutladampatti

Kanyakumari                          Tirparappu, Kaalikesam,Ulakkai & Vattaparai

Climate

You have already learnt that the Tropic of Cancer divides India roughly into two equal parts and the state Tamil Nadu lies to the south of Tropic of Cancer, which is near the Equator. As it receives vertical sunrays, the temperature of the state is relatively high throughout the year. Th ough the state falls within the hot climatic zone, the east coast of Tamil Nadu enjoys tropical maritime climate. Th e Bay of Bengal and Indian  Ocean infl uence the climate of the coastal regions. Th e annual temperature ranges from 18o to 43o and the annual rain fall is 958.5 mm.

While the east coast experiences tropical maritime climate, the western region of the state enjoys the mountainous climate. This climate prevails over the Blue Mountains, Anaimalai and the Kodaikanal hills. Th ick forests and high altitude make the climate of these areas cool and pleasant. Th us stations in this region attract thousands of people during the summer season. Low altitude and distance from the sea are the reasons for high temperature and dry conditions in the central part of Tamil Nadu. Th e migration of vertical sun’s rays leads to the formation of diff erent seasons in Tamil Nadu as follows.

Seasons of Tamil Nadu

Season                                              Period

Winter Season                                  January-February

Summer Season                                March- May

Southwest Monsoon                         June-September

Northeast Monsoon                          October –December

Winter Season

During January and February, the vertical rays of the sun fall between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Equator. Hence, Tamil Nadu and India on the whole receive slanting rays from the sun. So, the weather is slightly cooler during these months. The difference between summer and winter temperature is not very high. Winter temperature in Tamil Nadu varies from 15°C to 25°C. However, in the hill stations, the winter temperature drops below 5°C occasionally. Some valleys in the Nilgiris record even 0°C. This drop in temperature leads to the formation of thick mist and frost. This season is practically dry.

Summer Season

The apparent migration of the sun towards north during March, April and May results in the reception of vertical sun’s rays by South India.  Thus there is a steady rise in temperature from the equator. Hence, Tamil Nadu located to the south of Tropic of Cancer, experiences high temperature. Generally the temperature varies from 30°C to more than 40°C. During this season particularly in the month of May, southern part of the state receives some rainfall from pre-monsoon showers 

(Mango/Blossom showers) and some parts experience convectional rainfall.

Southwest Monsoon

The intense heating of the landmass of the north by the sun during March to May creates a well-developed low pressure in North India,which draws wind from the Indian Ocean. This results in the formation of southwest monsoon. During this season, Tamil Nadu is located in the rain shadow region for the wind,which blows from the Arabian Sea. As a result,Tamil Nadu receives only a meagre rainfall from this monsoon. Rainfall during this season decreases from west to east. Coimbatore plateau receives an average of 50 cm rainfall. However, the southern districts like Kanyakumari,Tirunelveli and Th e Nilgiris record 50–100 cm rainfall during this period. The rainfall is scanty in the eastern part of the state.

Northeast Monsoon

The northeast monsoon season commences from the month of October and lasts till mid-December. The high pressure created over Central Asia and northern part of India becomes the source for the northeast monsoon winds. The apparent migration of the sun from Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Capricorn causes a change in receiving temperature and air pressure during this season. It makes the wind to blow towards Bay of Bengal from North India. After reaching Bay of Bengal, the wind gets deflected by Coriolis force and takes the northeast direction. Hence it is known as northeast monsoon. As the northeast monsoon is a part of returning of southwest monsoon wind, it is also called as the retreating monsoon. This is the main rainy season for Tamil Nadu, accounting for its 48% of annual rainfall. Coastal districts of the state get nearly 60%  of their annual rainfall and the interior districts get about 40–50% of the annual rainfall during this season.

Tropical cyclones are common during this season. Cyclone originating from the Bay of Bengal bring heavy rainfall to the east coastal regions of Tamil Nadu. More than 50% of the state’s rainfall is received from tropical cyclones during this period and east coastal region receives

100 to 200 cm of rainfall. The rainfall received by the central and northwestern parts is 50–100 cm. The cyclones sometimes disturb the cultivation of crops and cause severe

damage to life and property.

SOILS OF TAMIL NADU

Soil is the loose material mainly formed by the weathering and erosion of rocks. It forms an important element of agriculture. It provides essential minerals and nutrients for the growth of vegetation. Soil is one of the important non-renewable resources in the world. It takes 300–1,000 years to form two inches of soil.

The soil of a place depends on the factors like climate, parent rocks and vegetative cover of the respective places. Th e soils in Tamil Nadu are broadly classifi ed into fi ve types according to their characteristics. Th ey are alluvial, black, red, laterite and saline soils.

Alluvial Soil

Alluvial soils are formed by the deposition of silt by the rivers. Alluvial soils are generally fertile as they are rich in minerals such as lime, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen and phosphoric acid. It is deficient in nitrogen and humus. It is porous and loamy. Paddy, sugarcane, banana and turmeric are cultivated in this soil.It is found in the river valley regions  and the coastal plains of Tamil Nadu. Generally this type of soil is found in the districts of Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Villupuram, Cuddalore, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari. It is also found to a small extent along the river valleys in few interior districts.

Black Soil

Black soils are formed by the weathering of igneous rocks. It is also known as regur soil. As cotton grows well in this soil, it is also called as black cotton soil. This soil is developed over the Deccan lava granite region under semiarid conditions. It is fine textured and clayey in nature. It is poor in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and organic matter. Chief minerals found in this soil are calcium, magnesium, carbonates, potash and lime. Cotton, sorghum, cumbu and fodder crops are the major crops cultivated in

the black soil regions of Tamil Nadu. Black soils are found extensively in the districts of Coimbatore, Madurai, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi.

Red Soil

Red soils cover over two-thirds of the total area of Tamil Nadu. They are found particularly in the central districts of the state. This soil is sandy and loamy in texture. However, the characteristic features of the red soil vary according to its formation and climatic condition under which the soil was formed.

Red soil is porous, friable and non-retentive of moisture. The colour of the soil is due to the presence of high content of iron oxides. This soil is poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, acids and humus. paddy, ragi, tobacco and vegetables are the chief crops grown in this soil. Almostall types of crops can be grown in this soil with the application of manure and irrigation facilities. It is dominantly found in Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram districts.

Laterite Soil

This soil is formed by the process of intense leaching. Laterite soils are found in some parts of Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur and Thanjavur districts and some patches over the mountainous region in the Nilgiris. Crops grown in this soil are paddy, ginger, pepper and plantains. It is also suitable for the cultivation of tea and coffee plants.

Saline Soil

Saline soils in Tamil Nadu are confined to the Coromandel coast. Vedaranyam has a pocket of saline soil. However, the tsunami waves on December 26, 2004 brought a lot of sand and deposited it all along the east coast of Tamil Nadu. The tsunami made the coastal areas unsuitable for cultivation to a considerable extent.

Soil Erosion

Soil is a non-renewable resource. It is very difficult to replace the soil once it gets degraded.Deforestation, overgrazing, urbanisation and heavy rain are responsible for soil erosion in Tamil Nadu. Soil erosion reduces the fertility of soils, which in turn reduces agricultural productivity. So, it is necessary to take intensive care to conserve the soil resources.

Natural Vegetation

Natural vegetation refers to the forest cover. Landforms, nature of soil, temperature and rainfall are the major factors that control the distribution of natural vegetation. As per National Forest Policy, 1988, a minimum of one-third of the total geographical area must be under forest cover. The total forest cover of Tamil Nadu is far lower than this. According to the Tamil Nadu State of Forest Report – 2017 assessment, the area under forest in the state is 26,281 sq.km, which constitutes 20.21% of the total area.

Tamil Nadu constitutes 2.99% of India’s forest cover. The forest types in the state varies from wet evergreen to scrub forests. The Western Ghats, the longest hill range in the state, is one of the 25 global hotspots of bio-diversity and one of the three mega centres of endemism in India. The following table shows the categories of forest and their areal extent classified under the provision of Indian Forest Act.

FOREST TYPES

The forest in the state is broadly divided into five types as follows

Tropical Evergreen Forest

This forest type is found in the regions that receive heavy rainfall. It is a dense, multilayered forest. It is found in the upper slopes of Western Ghats of Tirunelveli, Kanyakumari, the Nilgiris and Coimbatore districts. The major tree species of this forest are cinnamon, Malabar ironwood, panasa, java plum/jamun, jack, kindal, ayani and crape myrtle. The semievergreen type of forest in the state is found over the regions of sub-

tropical climate over the Eastern Ghats. The prominent regions are Servarayan, Kollimalai and Pachaimalai.Species of Indian mahogany, monkey teak, woolly cassia, jack and mango trees are common in this region.

Montane Temperate Forest

It is found in sheltered valleys of Anaimalai, Nilgiris and Palani hills over a 1000 metres altitude. They are known as ‘Sholas’. The trees in this forest are evergreen and usually short. Nilgiri champa, wights ,litsea and rose apple are the common trees found in this forest.

Tropical Deciduous Forest

This type of forest lies in the margin of semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The trees in this forest shed their leaves during the dry season. The trees reach up to a height of 30 metres. Some trees of this forest are silk cotton, kapok, kadamba, dog teak, woman’s tounge, axlewood and siris. Bamboos are also common in this type of forests. Some trees of this forest are economically important.

MANGROVES

Mangrove Forest in Pichavaram

This type of forest is found in the coastal areas, river deltas, tails of islands and over sea faces where accretion is in progress. The vegetation is typically evergreen, moderate in height and has leathery leaves. The vegetation of this forest is adapted to survive in tidal mud and salt water. Asiatic mangrove,white mangrove, wild jasmine/Indian pivot etc. are some of the notable trees of this forest. Pichavaram, Vedaranyam, Muthupet, Chatram and Thoothukudi are the places in Tamil Nadu where the mangrove forest is found to a considerable extent.

Tropical Thorn Forest

Thorn forest in Tamil Nadu is found where there is a little rainfall. These forests are found from plains up to 400 meters altitude. The common trees of this forest are rusty acacia, wheel, neem and palm. Shrubs are common vegetation in this type of forest. This type of forest is found in the districts of Dharmapuri, Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar and some parts of interior districts.

Districts with prominent forest cover in Tamil Nadu                                                District                                   Area (sq km)

Dharmapuri                                      3,280

Coimbatore                                       2,627

Erode                                                2,427

Vellore                                             1,857

The Nilgiris                                      1,583

Dindigul                                           1,662

Wild life

Animals and birds live in forests constitute the wild life. Tamil Nadu has a variety of wild animals, birds and reptiles.hills are an ideal refuge for elephants, bisons,tigers, deer and monkeys.Several Wildlife sanctuaries and National Parks have been set up to protect the animal life in the state. The hills of the state provide an ideal condition for a variety of animals and plants life. The list of Wild lifeSanctuaries, National parks and Biosphere Reserves of Tamil Nadu.

1. No Biosphere Reserves in Tamil Nadu

• Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
• Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
• Agasthiyarmalai Biosphere Reserve

Tamil Nadu is a state with varied climate, landforms and resources. This makes our state a distinct one among the Indian states. In Tamil Nadu, If the available resources are utilised rationally, it may continue to be at top in the country. So, it is the duty of the every individual to strive towards achieving this goal.

Natural Disasters in Tamil Nadu

A sudden natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss to lives and properties is called as disaster. The alteration of natural environment by the technology and developmental activities increase the frequency of disasters all over the world.So, it is necessary to aware the measures to be adopted during different types of natural disasters to reduce the risk caused by them.

According to United Nations office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Risk Reduction( UNDRR) is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and reduce the causal factors of disasters. This includes reducing exposure to hazards, lessening the vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and environment, and improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events. Here we will discuss about the natural disasters in Tamil Nadu and the measures to be adopted before, during and after different disasters.

Landslide

A collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff is called landslide. Water is the most common trigger of a landslide.

Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu is identified as one of the most vulnerable districts in the country and landslides pose a major threat in this area. The other regions which are prone to land slides are Coimbatore and palani hill of Dindigul district where Kodaikanal hill station is located.

Risk Reduction Measures Before:

Create awareness; stay alert and awake; monitor the news updates;

make evacuation plan; listen for any unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris such as trees cracking, boulders knocking and consider leaving the place of landslide if it is safe to do so.

During

If indoors: Find cover in the section of the building that is farthest away from the approaching landslide; take shelter under a strong table or bench. Hold on firmly and stay until all movement has ceased.

If outdoors:Move quickly away from its likely path, keeping clear of embankments, trees, power lines and poles; avoid crossing roads and bridges  and  stay away   from   the   landslide   because   the   slope   may experience additional failures for hours to days afterwards.

After–

Stay away from the slide area; listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency information; watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow; check for injured and trapped persons

near the slide, without entering the direct slide area.

Flood

Flood is a common one in the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu during northeast monsoon. The recent flood occurred in the state was in 2015. The 2015 South Indian floods resulted from heavy rainfall generated by the annual northeast monsoon in November–December 2015. They affected the Coromandel Coast region of the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.More than 500 people were killed and over 1.8 million people were displaced. With the estimates of damages and losses ranging from nearly 200 billion, the floods were the costliest natural disasters of the year 2015. Tamil Nadu was the worst affected state by this flood.Generally the districts of Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur, Cuddalore, Villupuram,Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari are the most flood prone districts of the state.

Risk Reduction Measures

Before: Know about relief centres and evacuation routes; keep emergency phone numbers and important information; fold and roll up things on to higher ground.

During: Be quick, keep safe and ensure that children and elderly are safe by leaving the house to a higher ground; turn off all electrical appliances and gas; leave the area before its get too late; do not drive through the water;stay away from power lines or broken power transmission cables and try to keep away from flood water.

After: Make sure to get back inside your house, keep all power and electrical appliances off before it is okay to put them on and wear appropriate dress before cleaning house which is necessary to clean the contamination.

Cyclone

The coastal regions of Tamil Nadu are often hit by the tropical cyclones formed in Bay of Bengal during northeast monsoon. Occurrence of flood, losses to lives and properties are the recurring one in the state. Based on the cyclone hit areas, the state of Tamil Nadu can be divided into five zones namely very high, high, medium, low and very low cyclone prone zones. Southern part of Chennai, eastern part of kancheepuram, eastern part of Villupuram, northeastern part of Cuddalore and Union Territory of Puducherry fall under the very high cyclone prone zone.

Nagapattinam, Tiruvallur, Tiruvarur (except northwestern part), southern part of Thanjavur, eastern part of Pudukkottai, eastern part of Cuddalore, middle portion of Villupuram, eastern part of Tiruvannamalai, western part of kancheepuram, northeastern part of Vellore and northern part of Chennai districts are included in the high cyclone prone zone.

Risk Reduction Measures

Before: Ignore rumours, stay calm, don’t be panic; Keep your mobile phones charged to ensure connectivity; use sms; listen to radio; watch TV; read newspapers for weather updates. Keep your documents and valuables in water proof containers; prepare an emergency kits with essential items for survival; secure your house; carry out repairs; don’t leave sharp objects loose; untie cattle/animals for their safety. Fishermen should keep a radio set with extra batteries handy; keep boats and rafts tied up safely and don’t venture out in the sea.

During: Take care of the old and young, keep all family members inside the house; switch of all electrical appliances, stay in an empty room, movable items should be kept securely tied; try to help your neighbours but, don’t go out during cyclone.

After: Those who shifted to the cyclone centre must remain there till instructions are received; strictly avoid loose electrical wires after the cyclone; beware of snakes and other animals immediately after the cyclone; clear debris and carcasses from/near the premise after the cyclone and report losses truthfully and accurately to the authorities.

Drought

Tamil Nadu is water deficit state. It is almost a regular one and not a seasonal one. It depends mostly on northeast monsoon for its rain. Its

failure ends in disastrous. The total assessed water resources in the state amount to 1,587 TMC (Thousand million cubic feet) while the state government’s demand estimate is 1,894 TMC. Demand exceeds supply by 19.3%, this happens when rainfall is “normal”.

The government classifies groundwater blocks into different categories. Only 145 of 385 such blocks are classified safe. The others are in various stages of depletion: over-exploited, critical and semi-critical.

About 2% of the blocks are already saline. About 64% of the total area of the state is drought prone. Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Kanyakumari, Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Tirunelveli, and Tiruchirappalli are the districts which are more drought prone.

According to the desertification atlas prepared by the ISRO, about 12 percent of the total geographical area is under desertification and land degradation. Theni, Virudhunagar, the Niligris and Kanyakumari are the worst affected districts. To manage the water deficit, rain water harvesting and water conservation methods have to be implemented strictly.

Forest Fire

Tamil Nadu is a tropical state. The high temperature during summer leads to occasional forest fire in deciduous and thorn forests.The recent fire accident in the state took place in 2018. The tragedy happened on March 11 when 37 people from Chennai and Erode regions were returning after a trekking trip to the Kurangani hills in Theni district. The groups were struck in the middle of a forest fire, which ultimately killed 23 people. In the aftermath of the Kurangani forest fire, Tamil Nadu government has banned trekking in the state for two months every year (February15 to April 15).

Risk Reduction Measures

Before: Create defensible space to separate your home from flammable vegetation and materials (30 feet); follow all local fire and building codes; keep all trees and shrubs trimmed. Use approved fire resistant materials;

make evacuation plans with family members which include several options with an outside meeting place.

During: Listen to radio; watch tv; readnewspapers for updates; if adequate water are available fill buckets with water. turn a light on a room in case of smoke; turn off gas and electrical appliances and be ready to evacuate all family members.

After: Check with fire officials before attempting to return to your home; use caution when re-entering a burned area – flare ups can occur; check grounds for hot spots and check the roof and exterior areas for sparks and embers.

Tsunami

Though Tsunami is not a common one in India, its incident in 2004 alerted India and the state of Tamil Nadu on this aspect.

Almost all the countries situated around the Bay of Bengal were affected by the tsunami waves in the morning hours of 26 December 2004 (between 09:00 and 10:30 hrs IST). The killer waves were triggered by an earthquake measuring 8.9 on the Richter scale that had an epicentre near the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. Waves rose up to 6-10 metres and the impact was felt up to the East African coast affecting Somalia, Tanzania and Kenya.

Tremors and Tidal Waves in South India

Tremors and Tidal waves hit South India and Large Scale devastation was reported. Over a thousand people have been killed in tidal waves in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Tamil Nadu was the “worst affected” state of India in this incident.More than 1,500 people have been killed in the state. Casualties reported were very high in Nagapattinam (700), Kanyakumari (250) and Cuddalore (200) districts. Around 125 deaths have been recorded in the state capital of chennai. Earlier, the tsunami was reported in India in 1881 and 1941.

Risk Reduction Measures

Before: if you live in a coastal area, know about tsunami risk and local warning arrangements; develop household emergency plan; know where the nearest high ground is and how you will reach it.

During: Take your get away kit, don’t travel areas at risk; move immediately nearest high ground; if you can’t escape tsunami, go to an upper storey of the building or climb onto a roof or tree or grab a floating objects; never go to the

shore to watch tsunami and listen to local radio stations as emergency management.

After: Continue to listen to the radio; don’t return to the evacuation zone until authorities have given all clear; check yourself for injuries and get first aid and help others.

Earthquakes

India is a vast country which experiences many earthquakes at different periods. Generally high risk zones of the country are located in the north and central parts. The state of Tamil Nadu is located in the moderately low risk zone.

Earthquakes in Tamil Nadu

26 September 2001: A moderate quake occurred in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of the Union Territory of Puducherry, resulting in three deaths and minor damage to property in Puducherry and coastal Tamil Nadu. It had a magnitude of 5.6 on Richter scale.

7 June 2008: A mild earthquake occurred in the Palar Valley region in Tamil Nadu. It had a magnitude of 3.8 on Richter scale and was felt in many parts of Vellore district.

12 August 2011: A mild earthquake occurred in the Cauvery basin in Ariyalur district. It had a magnitude of 3.5 on Richter scale and was felt in several districts in southern Tamil Nadu. It resulted in one death and caused minor damages in the districts of Cuddalore, Villupuram, Perambalur and Tiruchirappalli.

In 2012, Chennai experienced a mild tremor with its epicentre in the Indian Ocean.

Risk Reduction Measures

During: Take cover under a strong table or any other piece of furniture and remain under cover until the shaking stops.

After: Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped and always avoid roads, bridges that might have been damaged by the earthquake.

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF TAMIL NADU

Human geography refers to the study of ways of development of human societies and their operation in relation to their physical environment. This chapter focuses on the distribution, characteristics and utilisation of different resources in Tamil Nadu. We have studied earlier that the earth is endowed with a variety of natural resources such as landforms, rivers, soil, natural vegetation, water and wildlife. These resources are useful only when they are utilised. Human beings use these resources using their intelligence and skill. Thus, the human beings are the most significant resource on the earth surface.They turn all these natural resources into useful products with their skills and abilities.

Agriculture

The word “agriculture” is derived from the Latin words “ager and cultura”, which means field and growing. Agriculture is a practice of farming that includes the cultivation of crops, rearing of animals, birds, forestry, fisheries and other related activities. Agriculture is the major occupation in Tamil Nadu. Agriculture has been the mainstay of the state’s economy since independence with more than 65% of the population depends upon this sector for their living. Agriculture provides employment for rural people on a large scale. There is a strong link between agriculture and economic growth.

Agriculture constitutes about 21% of the state’s economy. However, it fluctuates from one year to another. Paddy, millets and pulses are the principal food crops of the state. Sugarcane, cotton, sunflower, coconut, cashew, chillies, gingelly, groundnut, tea, coffee, cardamom and rubber are the major commercial crops.

Geographical determinants of Agriculture

Landform, climate, soil and irrigation are the factors that determine the growth of agriculture.

Landform

Tamil Nadu is a land of diverse landscape comprising of hills, plateaus and plains.Among them the plains are most suitable for agriculture. The plains with alluvial soil enhances agricultural productivity. 

Example:Plains of cauvery. Agriculture in the plateau is moderate and is poor on the hills.

Climate

Tamil Nadu is situated in the tropical zone, which is nearer to the equator. The state experiences a tropical climate. Hence, the temperature in Tamil Nadu is relatively high almost throughout the year. So, only the tropical crops are cultivated. Water is another limiting factor of agriculture. Northeast monsoon is the major source of rainfall for Tamil Nadu. Therefore, the major cropping season begins with this season. The rainfall in this season and the irrigation facilities affect agriculture to a large extent.

Soil

Soil is one of the most essential elements of agriculture. It provides essential minerals or nutrients for the growth of crops and vegetation. The regions of river valleys and the coastal plains are the most agriculturally productive regions of the state as they are covered with fertile alluvial soil.

Types and regions of Agriculture Practices in Tamil Nadu Farming type                                                      Area practiced

Subsistence intensive agriculture                        Practiced  all  over   Tamil Nadu with few exceptions.

Plantation Agriculture                                         Hill slopes of Eastern and Western Ghats.

Mixed farming                                                    Banks of River Cauvery Thenpennai.

Irrigation

Monsoon rainfall in the state is highly irregular. Further it is seasonal. Hence,irrigation becomes necessary for successful cultivation of crops in the state. In the dry regions, rain-fed crops are cultivated.

Cropping Seasons in

Tamil Nadu Farmers select different crops for different seasons of cultivation. It is based on the temperature and availability of moisture in the soil. Accordingly, the state has the following cropping seasons.

Distribution of major crops in Tamil Nadu

Paddy

Paddy is the most important staple food crop of Tamil Nadu. Ponni and kichadi samba are the major varieties of paddy grown in Tamil Nadu. About 3 million hectares of the state is under rice cultivation. Though it is cultivated all over Tamil Nadu, its cultivation is highly concentrated in Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram, Villupuram, Cuddalore and Tirunelveli districts. It ranks third in the production of rice among the states of India. The deltaic region of river Cauvery (the undivided Thanjavur district) is the major

rice-producing region of Tamil Nadu. So, this region is rightly called as the “Granary of Tamil Nadu.”

Millets

Millets form staple food of nearly onethird of human population of Tamil Nadu. Sorghum/jowar (cholam), ragi (kezhvaragu) and bajra (kambu) are the major millets. These are grown not only in drier areas but also in the coastal plains. Sorghum is grown in the Coimbatore plateau and Kambam valley. Ragi is grown in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Vellore and Cuddalore districts. Bajra is mostly cultivated in Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli, Karur, Perambalur and Salem districts.

Pulses

Pulses are the major source of protein.Bengal gram, black gram, green gram, cowpea and horse gram are the important pulses grown in Tamil Nadu. Pulses are grown in a wide range of climatic conditions mostly in drier regions with or without irrigation. Mild cool climate and a low to moderate rainfall are best suited for these crops. Pulses serve as excellent fodder.Pulses are grown in almost all districts in the state except Chennai, Nilgiris and Kanyakumari.

Coimbatore leads in the production of Bengal gram. Vellore and Kanyakumari districts produce red gram. Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam and Thoothukudi districts are the principal producers of green gram and black gram. Horse gram is widely cultivated in Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts.

Oil Seeds

Groundnut, gingelly castor, coconut, sunflower and mustard are some of the oilseeds that are grown in Tamil Nadu. Apart from its use in food

preparation, it is used in industries as a lubricant, in the manufacture of varnish, soaps, candles, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Groundnut is the major oilseed of the state. The cultivation of groundnut is mostly concentrated in Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram, Salem and Pudukottai districts. It is also grown to some extent in Dharmapuri, Cuddalore, Perambalur and Madurai. Erode, Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai and Virudhunagar districts are its minor producers. Coconut is grown in

Coimbatore, Thanjavur and Kanyakumari districts.

Sugarcane

It is one of the major cash crops of the state. It is an annual crop. It requires high temperature and heavy rainfall. It grows well in the tropical region. Major sugarcane-producing districts are Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram, Vellore,Cuddalore, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore, Erode and Tirunelveli.

Cotton

Cotton is a fibre and cash crop. It requires black soil, long frost-free condition and warm and humid weather for its cultivation. Humid weather in the early stages and hot, dry weather during harvest period is suitable for this crop.It is predominantly cultivated in Coimbatore plateau and Vaigai-Vaippar river basins. It is also cultivated in Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi, Salem and Dharmapuri districts.

Plantation crops

Tea, coffee, cashew, rubber and cinchona are the major plantation crops of the state. Tamil Nadu ranks second in area and production of tea in India next to Assam. Tea plantations are found in the hills of the Nilgiris and Coimbatore. The Nilgiris is the notable regions for tea plantations. Coffee plants are grown in the hills of Western Ghats as well as Eastern Ghats. It is also found in the hilly slopes of Dindigul, Madurai, Theni and Salem districts. Yercaud, Kolli Hills and Kodaikanal are notable for coffee plantations. Tamil Nadu stands second in area and production of coffee next to Karnataka. Rubber plantations are significant in Kanyakumari. Pepper is confined to the warm and wet slopes of Eastern and Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Cashew is extensively cultivated in Cuddalore district.Cinchona is planted at heights varying from 1060 to 1280 metres in

Anaimalai hills.Cardamom estates are located at few places in the hills of Madurai region at an elevation of 915 to 1525 metres.

Livestock/Animal Husbandry

Livestock has remained an integral part of socio-economic fabric of rural people. The number of cattle found in Tamil Nadu is 88,92,473. There are 47,86,680 sheep, 81,43,341 goats and 11,73,48,894 poultry animals.

Goat

Goat is also known as ‘poor man’s cow’ in India. It forms a very important component in dry land farming system. In the marginal or undulating lands unsuitable for rearing of other types of cattle like cow or buffalo, goat is the best alternative. With very low investments, goat rearing can be made into a profitable venture for small and marginal farmers.

Sheep

Sheep is used for multiple purposes like wool, meat, milk, skins and manure, and forms an important component of the rural economy, particularly in the arid, semi-arid and mountainous areas of Tamil Nadu. It provides a dependable source of income to the shepherds through the sale of wool and animals.

A variety of cattle breeds are reared in the state for the milk and forms a major component of the rural economy. The poultry hub of Tamil Nadu are Namakkal, Salem, Erode and Coimbatore districts.

Fishing

Since Tamil Nadu is a coastal state, fishing is one of the major occupations in the state. With widespread reservoirs and rivers, inland fishing also is also seen to a considerable extent. There are about 2500 species of fishes found in different aquatic environments.

Marine Fishing

The length of the coastline of Tamil Nadu is 1076 km (13% of the country’s coastline). The coastal region of the state covers an area of 0.19 million sq.km. An area of 41,412 sq.km of continental shelves of the state favours coastal fishing and Tamil Nadu is one of the leading states in marine fish production. Marine fishing is also called inshore fish or neritic fishing, carried out in oceans and seas. Large mechanised boats are used for fishing. In ocean or seawaters, fishing within few kilometres from the

shoreline  is  called  inshore  fishing  and  the  fishing  far  from  the  shore typically 20–30 miles out in water hundreds and thousands of feet deep is called off-shore fishing. The fish varieties caught are sharks, flying fish, counch, catfish, silver bellies, and crabs. Chennai, Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and Ramanathapuram districts contribute about 40% to marine fish production in the state.

Their coastal location favours fishing in these regions. The state has three major fishing harbours, three medium fishing harbours and 363 fish landing centres. The export of marine products from the state  during 2007– 08 accounted for 72,644 metric tons.

Inland Fishing

Inland fishing is carried out in lakes,rivers, ponds, estuaries, backwaters and swamps. Oysters and prawns are cultured in original nurseries. Catamaran, diesel boats and floating nets are used in fishing.Tamil Nadu Fisheries Department has introduced several programmes for the betterment of fishing. The major programmes are aquaculture in farm ponds and irrigation tanks, fish seed bank, fish seed rearing, ornamental fish culture and the establishment of Fish Farmer Development Agency. Vellore district leads in the production of inland fish production with 10% of state’s production. Cuddalore, Sivagangai and Virudhunagar districts stand second with 9% of inland fish catch each. Fishing sector contributes 1.25% of state’s economy.

Water Resource

Water is the precious gift of nature to humankind and millions of other species living on the earth. Tamil Nadu constitutes 4% of India’s land area and is inhabited by 6% of India’s population, but has only 2.5% percent of India’s water resources. More than 95% of the surface water and 80% of the ground water have already been put into use.

Major uses of water include human/animal consumption, irrigation and industrial use. The state is heavily dependent on monsoon rains. The annual average rainfall is around 930 mm (47% during the northeast monsoon,35% during the southwest monsoon, 14% in summer and 4% in winter).

Surface Water Resources                                 Numbers

River Basin                                                          17

Reservoirs                                                            81

Tanks                                                                   41,127

Tube wells and other wells     4,98,644

Open wells                                                           15,06,919

Total (Million Cubic metres)                              2046788 MCM

Multipurpose River Valley

Projects

Multipurpose river valley projects are basically designed for the development of irrigation for agriculture and hydropower generation. However, they are used for many other purposes as well.

Mettur Dam

The Mettur Dam was constructed in a gorge, where river Cauvery enters the plains. It is one of the oldest dam in India. It provides irrigation to Salem, Erode, Karur,Tiruchirappalli, Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam districts for about 2,71,000 acres of farmland. The dam, park, major hydroelectric power stations and hills on all sides make this dam an important tourist spot.

Bhavani Sagar Dam

The Bhavani Sagar Dam is located 80 km away from Coimbatore city in the district of Erode. It has been constructed across the river Bhavani. This dam is one of the biggest earthen dams in the country.

Amaravathi Dam

The Amaravathi dam is situated 25 km away from Udumalpet in Tirupur district. The dam has been constructed across the river Amaravathi, a tributary of Cauvery. The dam was built primarily for irrigation and flood

control. A small hydropower station has also been installed recently. This reservoir is notable for the significant population of mugger crocodiles. It is also a familiar tourist spot.

Krishnagiri Dam

Krishnagiri dam is situated at a distance of 7 km from Krishnagiri towards Dharmapuri. This dam drains an area of 5428 sq.km. This is a famous tourist spot too. This dam is flooded with tourists during the weekends.

Sathanur Dam

Sathanur Dam was constructed across the river Thenpennai in Chengam taluk. It is in the midst of Chennakesava hills. The waterholding capacity of the dam is 7321 million cubic feet (full level: 119 feet). About

7183 hectares of land is drained by the left bank canal and 905 hectares by

the right bank canal of this dam. It irrigates the land in Thandrampet and Tiruvannamalai blocks. There is also a large crocodile farm and a fish grotto. Parks are maintained inside the dam for tourists and the gardens are used by the film industry.

Mullaiperiyar Dam

Mullaiperiyar dam was built by the British administration in 1895. It has been constructed on the Periyar river, which originates from Thekkady hills of Kerala. The dam was built mainly for watering the farming land of Tamil Nadu, which is perennially drought-prone. Though the dam is located in the state of Kerala, most of its water is used to irrigate Tamil Nadu. The dam is 175 feet in height and 1200 feet in length.

Vaigai Dam

This dam built across the river Vaigai near Andipatti. The dam with a height of 111 feet can store water up to 71 feet. It is located 7 km from Andipatti and 70 km from Madurai. This dam was opened on 21 January, 1959.The dam has a unique garden that deserves the surname ‘Little Brindavan’. It is a popular picnic spot in Theni district.

Manimuthar Dam

Manimuthar dam is located about 47 km from Tirunelveli. The gorgeous garden of the dam is located about 5 km from the dam and is accessible through a zig-zag ghat road. Pleasure boating and waterfalls are additional tourist attractions near the dam.

The Papanasam Dam

It is also known as Karaiyar dam and is located about 49 km away from Tirunelveli. The dam is used to irrigate 34,861 hectares of land in Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts. It generates 28 MW of hydro  power.

Parampikulam Aliyar Project

It is a joint venture of Tamil Nadu and Kerala states. It envisages the construction of seven interconnected reservoirs by harnessing the water of seven rivers, which include major rivers of Parambikulam and Aliyar.Parappalar project is located near Ottanchatram. Its storage capacity is 167 million cubic feet of water. It is about 75 km from Madurai and is in Palani taluk.

Surface water Resources

The total surface water potential of the state is about 24,864 mcm (million cubic metre). There are 17 major river basins in the state with 81

reservoirs and about 41,262 tanks. Most of the surface water has already been tapped, primarily for irrigation, where water use is largest. An area of 24 lakh hectares of the land are irrigated by surface water through major, medium and minor schemes.

Ground Water Resources

The utilizable groundwater resource of the state is 22,423 mcm. The current level of utilization of water is about 13,558 mcm which is about 60 percent of the available recharge, while about 8875 mcm (40 percent) is the balance available for use.

Water Resource

Management

Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. The demand for water in Tamil Nadu is increasing at a fast rate both due to increasing population and also due to larger per capita needs triggered by economic growth. The per capita availability of water resources is just 900 cubic metres when compared to the national average of 2,200 cubic metres. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the state using 75% of the state’s water resources. Demands from other sectors such as domestic and industries have been growing significantly. The state is heavily dependent on monsoon rains. Since the state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe droughts. So, it is important to save water for us and the future generation.

Mineral Resources

Tamil Nadu is the leading holder of country’s resources of vermiculite, magnetite, dunite, rutile, garnet, molybdenum and ilmenite. The state accounts for the country’s 55.3% of lignite, 75% of vermiculite, 69% of dunite, 59% of garnet, 52% of molybdenum and 30% of titanium mineral resources.

Important minerals are found in the state are as follows: Neyveli has large lignite resources. Coal is also availablein Ramanathapuram. Oil and gas are found in the Cauvery basin. Iron deposits are found in Kanjamalai region in Salem district and Kalrayan Malai region of Tiruvannamalai district. Magnesite ores are available near Salem. Bauxite is found in Servarayan Hills, Kotagiri, Udagamandalam,Palani and Kollimalai areas.

Gypsum is obtained in Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi and Virudhunagar districts. Ilmenite and rutile are found in the sands of Kanyakumari beach. Limestone is available in Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigul, Kancheepuram, Karur,Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Perambalur,Ramanathapuram, Salem and Tiruvallur districts. Magnesite is obtained in Coimbatore,Dharmapuri, Karur, Namakkal, the Nilgiris,Salem, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli and Vellore districts. Feldspar, quartz, copper and lead are also found in some parts of the state.

Industries

Industries use raw materials and convert them into usable product or goods.Textiles, sugar, paper, leather,cement, electrical equipment,automobiles, information technology and tourism are the major industries of Tamil Nadu.

Textile Industry

Textile industry is one of the traditionally well-developed industries in Tamil Nadu. The textile mills are concentrated in Coimbatore, Tirupur, Salem, Palladam, Karur, Dindigul,Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi,Madurai and Erode. Tamil Nadu has about 3,50,000 power looms manufacturing cotton fabrics and accounts for 30% of India’s exports of textiles products. Erode in Tamil Nadu is well known for marketing of handloom, power loom and readymade garments. Coimbatore is also known as the ‘Manchester of Tamil Nadu’. Coimbatore, Tirupur and Erode contribute a major share to the state’s economy through textiles. So, this region is referred as ‘Textile

Valley of Tamil Nadu’. Karur is known as ‘The Textile capital of Tamil Nadu’.

Silk Textiles

Tamil Nadu occupies fourth position in the country in silk production. Kancheepuram silk is unique in its quality and is known for its traditional value all over the world. The annual silk production in Tamil Nadu is around 1200 metric tons. Kancheepuram, Arani,Kumbakonam, Salem, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli are the important silk-weaving centres in Tamil Nadu. Ramanathapuram has some specialised areas for the manufacturing of synthetic silk clothes.

Leather Industry

Tamil Nadu accounts for 60% of leather tanning processes of India and 38% of all leather footwear, garments and components. Hundreds of