Communalism and Sectarianism Causes of Communalism in India:

Communalism:

The ideology that rises from the religious pluralism, and is to be considered as a social menace. Communalism can also be defined as a tool that is given rise to, in the presence of diverse religions, to gain political benefits in a state.

Causes of Communalism in India:

1. Separate state demands of regions like Khalistan, Naga
2. Radical demands and struggles for a new state (eg): Telangana
3. Protests for conversion of Union Territories into States (eg): Pudhucherry
4. Internal boundary issues and water sharing issues (eg Chandigarh, Cauvery water issue)
5. Some religious organizations not only promote “regionalism” but their policies tend to incite violence.
6. Son of the soil theory – including education, employment.
7. It inculcates the idea of giving to the people of that region. (Eg): Assam is for Assamese

Causes of communal development:

Grant of Colonial Dominion:

1. British government encouraged class struggle
2. Gave separate reservation to Muslims

Role of freedom fighters:

1. A few of the religious reformers tried to revive the Hinduism of the past.
2. Ganapati, Chhatrapati Shivaji used the festival to rally the people against Tilak’s colonial rule.

Division and communalism:

India-Pakistan partition

Hindu fanaticism:

Class argument systems:

Resistance and disappointment:

1. Unemployed youth are disillusioned.
2. Communalists have cut off mental consciousness.

• They ignored the problems of poverty and unemployment and indulged in class arguments.

Political Actions: Politics is promoted by the racists through the people.

Vote banks:

Selection of candidates on religious basis, ministership, government responsibilities

Problems of Minorities:

Opportunity and privileges are not properly provided and they are left behind.

Impact (Effects) of Communism on Indian Society:

1. Most of the murdered are poor
2. Their homes, possessions and livelihoods are completely destroyed.
3. It calls for “human rights violations” in all regions.
4. Sometimes the parents of the children die leaving the children with no support to take care of them and finally end up living as orphans for the rest of their lives.
5. Brahminism and refugee issues are another dimension fueled by ethnic tensions.
6. Racism is a threat to “constitutional principles” of secularism, religious tolerance.
7. Prejudicial to the unity and integrity of the country.
8. It plays an important role in dividing people into various ethnic groups and inciting hatred.
9. It is a stumbling block to social progress and a cause of backwardness of society.

Dimensions of communalism:

• Assimilationist: This is the dimension where a small group(s) assimilates into a wider or bigger group.
• Retreatist: When a community entirely abstains from participating in Politics, it is called retreatist in nature.
• Welfarist: When there is a conscious effort and work toward the betterment of the community, it is called welfarist in nature,
• Retaliatory: When rivalry among two or more communities, and they actively work to hurt each other, it is called retaliatory in nature.
• Secessionist: When a community demands political identity through the creation of secession by the state, it is called secessionist in nature.
• Separatist: When there is a demand for a different and separate identity from a larger group, it is called separatist in nature.

the evolution of communalism in India:

The genesis of communalism in India can be traced back to British rule.

• With the emergence of secular education, a new educated middle class emerged. But the aspirations of the middle class were not getting satisfied in the absence of adequate economic opportunities. Communal Politics emerged to get the largest pie for their community.
• In India, socio-economic classes coincided with religious distinctions. E.g.,
• Hindu Zamindars vs Muslim peasants in Bengal, Kerala etc.
• Hindu Banias vs Muslim (Jatt) Peasants in Punjab. 
• Divide and Rule Policy of Britishers: To counter the growing national movement.

However, the overthrow of the colonial state was only the necessary condition to fight the menace of communalism but not sufficient condition. There were other forces at play too. Even in the post-independence period, the Government failed to control communalism. After independence, communalism persisted and has been the biggest threat to the secular fabric of our nation. As a result, the following communal violence outbreaks happened in India:-

1. Anti-Sikh riots of 1984
2. Mass killing and exodus of Kashmiri Pandits from the Kashmir Valley (1989) 
3. Riots after Babri Masjid demolition (1992) 
4. Godhra riots of 2002
5. Assam violence between Bodos and Bengali speaking Muslims (2012)
6. Muzzafarnagar riots (2013)
7. Delhi riots (2020) 

India’s major religious/ethnic riots:

• India and Pakistan Partition: Perhaps, the biggest tragedy and loss of human life in the modern history of India is the Partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, which continued up to 1949.
• Jabalpur Riots: 1961 saw the Jabalpur riots that took place because of the economic competition caused between Muslim and Hindu bidi manufacturers. With the Jabalpur riots setting things into motion, the 1960s saw a lot of bloodshed on communal grounds. The riots of 1964 in Rourkela, Jamshedpur in 1965, and Ranchi in 1967 happened in the area of Hindu refugees from East Pakistan (Bangladesh now).
• Ahemdabad Riots: September riots of 1969 in Ahemdabad caused a major rift portraying a negative impact of Communalism. The cause is said to be traced back to the Jan Sangh party, which passed a resolution to oppose the leftward thrust by Indira Gandhi. The resolution aimed at the Indianisation’ of Muslims.
• Worli Clashes: The dispersal of the Dalit Panthers by the Police in the tenement settlement in the Worli area of the state of Mumbai turned violent in April 1974 owing to the angry clashes of a political party called Shiv Sena.
• Assam Agitation: Indira Gandhi’s decision to give the population of Bangladeshi immigrants (nearly 4 million) was met with agitation in the form of the Assam Agitation. An incident of violence took place in February 1983 in Nellie that followed the fallout of the 1983 state elections. The loss that occurred in its wake made it one of the worst pogroms since the occurrence of Worl War II.
• Anti-Sikh Riots: The Anti-Sikh riots of 1984 broke out after Indira Gandhi’s assassination. This saw the massacre of nearly 4000 Sikhs in Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and others.
• Bombay-Bhiwandi Riots: The Hindutva bandwagon was boarded by the leaders of Shiv Sena, who instigated violence in the form of the Bombay-Bhiwandi riots.
• Babri Masjid Controversy: The controversy of Shah Bano in 1985 and the Babri Masjid-Ram Mandir controversy have since redirected much of the political discourse towards a communal discourse. They have since become important tools for the propagation and propaganda for communal tensions, especially in the Eighties.
• Kashmiri Pandit Exodus: Nearly 1,00,000 Kashmiri Pandits were driven out of their homes in the Kashmir valley in the year 1992 following a threat of insurgency.
• Babri Masjid Demolition: December 1992 saw the communal apex being explored with the demolition of the Babri masjid by several right-wing parties. This was followed by terrible riots in the cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, etc.
• Gujarat Riots: 2002 Gujarat riots started with the burning of a train in Godhra.
• Vadodara Riots: May 2006 saw riots breaking out in the state of Vadodara due to the state Municipality’s order to remove the dargah of Sufi saint Syed Chishti Rashiduddin.
• Assam Riots of 2012: The Year 2012 saw Assam under the terror of violence. The rift was between the indigenous Bodo-speaking community and the Muslims of Assam. The tensions flared when the Bodo-speaking community accused the Muslim community of having increased because of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants.
• Muzaffarnagar Riots: The Muzaffarnagar district of Uttar Pradesh saw the worst incidents of violence in the year 2013. It is said to be one of the worst occurrences of Hindi-Muslim violence in the current times.
• Mob Lynchings: Recent times have seen tremendously bloody growth in the occurrences of mob lynchings which have killed nearly 90 people since 2015.

Nature of communal riots:

1. Politically motivated class riots are more prevalent than class riots in the name of religion.
2. Class riots are fueled by some politicians, some local leaders, caste minded people.
3. They use class argument to strengthen their political influence, to acquire a good name among the public and to maintain their prestige.
4. Economic problems also play an important role in intensifying class conflicts.
5. Class riots occur more in North India than in South India and East.
6. Often communal riots take place during religious festivals.
7. During class riots, weapons of terror will be used to extremes.
8. Especially if a city has had 2 or 3 serious class riots, there will be no riots again.

Solutions:

1. It must be pointed out that communalism destroys modern values of our culture, civilisation, diversity of India, secular state etc.
2. People should be made aware of the differences between the use of religion for class argumentative reasons and genuine religious ideas.
3. We must realize that the war against communalism is like standing on a real battlefield.
4. Class plaintiffs are changing their tactics. This should be considered and reactions should be devised accordingly.
5. We should promote festivals like Diwali, Holi, Eid, Onam, Christmas as public festivals.
6. Formation of a peace committee of all religious leaders
7. Modernization of government machinery to suppress communal riots
8. Government to regulate irresponsible behavior of print and visual media during communal riots
9. Prohibition of political parties active in inciting communal sentiments
10. Establishment of Special Courts to provide relief to people affected by communal riots and to take charge of rioters.
11. Eliminating subjects that incite communal feeling in the educational curriculum giving priority to secular concepts
12. Government encouragement to humanitarian organizations
13. Fear, panic and insecurity should be removed. Necessary security arrangements should be made for the minority population.

Policies of communal violence:

Communalism:

Harassment by one religion against other religions

1. Social Bond Theory
2. Frustration, stress, violence
3. Expectations are perceived as being ignored

• Communal hatred

1. Anti-collaborative attitude will arise.
2. Few in the group believe that violence is necessary for the struggle to succeed.
3. The action of a sub-group that engages in violence may not reflect that group as a whole.
4. Socioeconomic theory
5. Economic exploitation leads to violence.
6. Deemed to be denied employment.

• It breeds violence

3. Social barrier theory
4. Causes resentment towards society.
5. Creates an intention to do harm.

• Suffers from social oppression and the power of the elite.

1. It will lay the seed for integrated communalism.
2. Will have to resist the oppression of the ruling class.
3. Aversion to social rules and social institutions, resulting in prejudice.

• People who invite violence, because they feel unsafe and nervous, they resort to violence.

4. Theory of clustering
5. People’s passion for a particular problem is high
6. Mobilization – Mobilization towards a group or ideology prior to rioting.

• Kothu – A place where the factions split into two after the riots

1. It is an active involvement that mobilizes individuals and groups emotionally or physically.
2. Clustered social dynamics lend themselves to riotous conditions.
3. Because psychoanalysis can be aggravating and irritating

• A person is motivated to make connections among like-minded people.

Communism in India:

Indian society is multi-ethnic.

According to the 2011 census,

1. Hindus – 80.50%
2. Muslims – 13.40%
3. Christians – 2.30%
4. Sikhs – 1.90%
5. Buddhas – 0.80%
6. Jains – 0.40%

Hindu – Muslim communalism:

1. It started during the British rule.
2. 1936-Muslim League narrowly wins elections.

• Jinnah – Declared that Islam was in danger.

1. Hindu community groups like Hindu Mahasabha, RSS emerged.
2. Separatist culture killed millions.
3. After independence there have been religious riots in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal.

• 1993 – Bombay riots
• 2002 – Godhra riots

1. 1992 Ramajanan Bhoomi – Babri Masjid issue

Causes of Hindu-Muslim Enmity:

1. Islamic Invasion, Hindu People Policy of Temple Wealth.
2. Built mosques on or near Hindu temples.
3. Realizing that partition was easy, the British imperial government encouraged and encouraged Islamic separatism.
4. After the partition of India-Pakistan, some Muslims carried the Pakistani flag when the Pakistani team beat India in cricket.
5. Observance of Indian Independence Day as black day by some Islamic organization.
6. Islamic political parties are trying to make a presence in India, showing a distinct radicalism.
7. With the rise of Islamic extremism in West Asia and Pakistan, Islamic leaders here have lost hope.
8. So they do not attempt to unite all the Muslims in India and solve the problems they face.
9. They feel that the government has neglected Muslims. some self-interested leaders sow the seeds of class conflict.

Hindu Sikh communalism:

1. A reform movement against Hinduism
2. The Akali Dal emerged against the dominance of the Sikh clergy.

• 1973 – Passage of Anantapur Sahib resolution

1. Bindran Wale demanded independence.
2. 1984- Operation Blue Star
3. Arrest of terrorists in Amritsar temple

• Indira Gandhi was assassinated.
• On November 1, 1984, thousands of Sikhs were killed.

1. 1986 – Operation Black Thunder was carried out to flush out terrorists from the Golden Temple.
2. Since 1993 there has been a significant change in the relationship between the two religions.

Ethnic violence:

1. Bodoland problem in Assam
2. ULFA Movement in Assam

• Sri Lankan Tamils problem etc

the causes of communal riots:

Factors for communal riots

1. Social factors

1. Community traditions, difference
2. Caste, upper class consciousness

• Religious stratification

2. Religious factors
3. Relaxation of religious restrictions
4. Secular ethics

• The religious outlook is narrowly radical

1. Using religion for political gain
2. Extremist policies of religious leaders
3. Political reasons
4. Religious politics
5. Collection of votes in elections based on religion
6. Economic reasons
7. Economic exploitation
8. Discrimination of minority religious communities
9. Legal Reasons
10. General Civil Law
11. Special category and privileges granted by the constitution to the Sala community
12. Mood reasons
13. Social likes and dislikes
14. Same old way of thinking

• Lack of confidence

1. Insensitivity to the plight of non-believers
2. Administrative Reasons
3. Guard without good training and preparation
4. Lack of coordination between constable and other authorities
5. Historical reasons
6. Foreign invasion
7. Attack on religious institutions

• Conversion efforts

1. Separation strategy of imperialist colonial rulers
2. Territorial Reasons
3. Regional anti-social forces
4. Land dispute

• Pilgrimage, religious processions

10. International causes
11. Training Funding from Foreign Countries
12. Attempts by foreign countries to undermine and weaken the unity of India by systematically supporting sectarian organizations

National Integration Council:

Member – Cabinet, CM, SC / ST

1. Launch: 1962

Chairman – Prime Minister

2. OBJECTIVE: To look into the issues of racial sentiment and zoning
3. Set up 2 groups in 1962
4. But this initiative did not continue. Because national unity was formed as a result of the Chinese invasion.
   1. National Intergration Commission – 1962
   2. When it was started in 1968, 3 groups were established.

• Committees – Committee to look after ethnic food problems, regional problems, educational problems

1. All these bodies are responsible for making policy, making laws and advising on administrative functions.
2. These were defunct in 1970.
3. National Intergration Commission – 1986

• The group focused on Punjab.
• A 5-member committee was constituted to recommend measures to protect the interests of minorities and to promote national integration and social cohesion.

1. National Intergration Commission – 1990
2. Established to deal with Punjab, Kashmir, Ayodhya issues.
3. In 1993 a meeting of National Unity Committee was held.

Current Status:

1. In 2008, a meeting was held under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister.
2. In 2011, the meeting focused on internal security.
3. The meeting has been held in 2019 as well. (16 Meetings)

Organization:

1. Head – Prime Minister
2. Deputy Chief – Home Minister
3. Member – Chief Minister of all States

Role of Police in dealing with communal riots:

1. Arrest of those responsible for communal riots
2. Dispersal of rioters
3. Protection of public property from damage
4. Preventing the spread of hoaxes
5. Establishing public order

Risks:

1. Police can work well only if they have the support of ruling class, politicians, judiciary and people.
2. Politicians are selfish
3. The ruling class being ritualistic
4. Adherence to traditional customs by judicial officers
5. People’s distrust of the police.
6. The police are also the main places under various pressures.

Activities:

1. Police surveillance of states and districts where communal riots are frequent.
2. As soon as the signs of class riots appear, follow the steps to deal with them
3. Monitoring separatists
4. Surveillance of vulnerable areas, public gathering places, hideouts
5. Prevention of spread of hoaxes
6. Prevention and monitoring of scams from spreading to other states and districts

Terrorism – Characteristics, Motives:

Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government or its citizens to further certain political or social objectives.

Characteristics:

1. Against the state or society
2. Politically motivated
3. Illegal
4. Aimed at instilling fear among the people and making them submit to them.
5. Associated with people’s sense of helplessness.
6. Inhibits rational thinking.
7. Leads to strife and strife.
8. Selection of persons to be attacked is carried out in an impartial manner.

Objectives:

1. To keep the government under their control for their evil purposes
2. Achieving their demands through violence
3. Coercion of the government to fulfill the needs of extremists
4. Impeding domestic stability and economic growth
5. Cultivating extremism by inciting youth to extremism
6. Instilling a sense of fear among the people and causing them to lose confidence in the security forces of the state
7. Indulging in acts of confidence building among extremist groups and followers

Causes of Terrorism:

With the telecommunications revolution and modern urban civilization, extremists tried to operate freely on a larger political platform.

1. Extremism does not appear in one day, it appears from a series of various pressures.
2. Irresponsible, inefficient government administration system
3. Corrupt government departments
4. Incompetence of security forces
5. Primitive Extremist Thoughts
6. Easy exchange of terrorist information through global communication system
7. Practice of social oppression
8. Disadvantage of oppressed community in employment
9. Poverty, hunger. Other activities of Govt in Drought etc
10. Easy access to arms and explosives
11. Transfer of funds from foreign countries to terrorist groups. Promotional activities
12. Incompetent intelligence
13. Deficiencies in Judiciary
14. Ups and downs
15. Bigotry on caste, religion, race.
16. Ignorance, illiteracy among the youth
17. Use of proceeds of trafficking in terrorist activities
18. Antiquated Laws
19. Revolt of citizens against dictators
20. Widespread advertising available for terrorism
21. Affiliation with Bangaravas on the basis of religion

Effects of terrorism:

1. Loss of confidence in the administrative functions of the government and the security forces
2. Lack of stability, disturbance of public peace.
3. Damage to public property
4. Loss of human life
5. Loss of economic stability
6. Social underdevelopment
7. Affecting tourism, industry, agricultural developments
8. Increased displacement of civilians
9. Less fear of starting and running a business
10. Political unrest

Actions against terrorism:

1. A comprehensive and multidimensional strategy for the “War on Terror” must involve an integrated view of the strategic military and economic domains, among others.
2. Financial institutions play an important role in combating the financing of terrorism because terrorists often rely on them, especially banks, to transfer money. Laws that require banks to perform due diligence on their customers and to report suspicious transactions can help prevent terrorism.
3. Intelligence sharing: As terrorism is taking global form, intelligence sharing among countries is critical in preventing or minimizing the terror attacks. Eg: Easter attack possibility was shared by India to Sri Lanka, though it was not acted upon.
4. Global cooperation on extremist content: Christchurch Call of Action outlined voluntary commitments from governments, ISPs to address issue of violent extremist content online. India is a signatory to this plan
5. Global sanctions against nations that are State sponsors of terrorism. Eg: UNSC must come up with stringent sanctions against nations.
6. Addressing UN High-Level conference on Heads of Counter Terrorism, India extended a five-point formula –

• Exchange of timely and actionable intelligence.
• Prevention of misuse of modern communication through collaboration with the private sector.
• Building capacities for improved border controls.
• Sharing of info related to the movement of passengers.
• Designation of Counter-Terror focal points to fight global terror.

1. In addition, there should be a concerted effort from the countries affected by the scourge of terrorism to pressurize countries who engage in state-sponsored terrorism.
2. It is necessary for countries fighting terrorism to learn more closely from their differences, rather than try to generalise from experience.
3. The success or failure of each of these approaches must be studied & applied to smaller countries suffering from global terrorism based on applicability.
4. United Nations must become the global Centre to fight global terrorism.
5. The complete implementation of UN Global Counter-Terrorism Coordination Compact that was agreed upon in 2018.
6. Intelligence sharing between countries needs to be strengthened and countries currently not affected by global terrorism need to take the threat seriously.

Terrorist movements in India:

1. Punjab – Khalistan extremism

1. Sikh extremism based on the demand for a separate state
2. Terrorism increased in 1984-85 and massacres took place.

• Places of worship were converted into armories.

1. Reducing the power of the government by promulgating the Akali Dal President Acts in 1985
2. Reducing the power of the government by issuing their own laws
3. Portraying themselves as protectors of Sikhs

• Forcing Hindus in Punjab to migrate to other states
• Killing, robbing, creating fear

1. Currently heavily regulated.
2. Kashmir – separatist extremism
3. Separatism, diversity, underdevelopment, secularism and Pakistani extremism are taking place in Kashmir.
4. Pakistan promotes extremism in Kashmir.

• Creating internal tension in Kashmir

1. Making struggle through Jihad
2. Government deals with military and political and economic activities.
3. India – Pakistan war
4. Naxalites
5. 1967 – Started by Kanusanyal and Charu Majimdar of West Bengal against the landlords.
6. Maoist was transformed by communalism.

• Charu Majimadhar – spread in India through extermination programme.

1. Spread of Naxals – Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Jharkhand, W.B.V.P. Maharashtra.

Objectives

1. State capture.
2. Increasing the number of Naxals and multiplying their aggressions.
3. Establishment of independent organization through guerilla groups.
4. Expropriating lands from land owners and giving them to the landless.
5. Police to increase their strength by instilling a sense of fear among the public.

Reasons:

1. Suppression of local taxes by landlords
2. Government schemes do not reach people properly
3. Inequality society
4. Decrease in power and wealth
5. Poverty, lack of employment
6. Irregularities in land distribution systems
7. Irresponsible Government Actions
8. Emergence of subgroups
9. Bad citizenship system
10. Inadequate police force
11. Corrupt government administration
12. ULFA Extremism – Assam

1980. Terrorism has developed in Assam since 1980.
1981. The Assamese demanded expulsion of the foreigners and removal of their names from the electoral roll.

• 5000 people lost their lives in 1983 election violence

1. Creation of independent state violence
2. Acts of murder, robbery, kidnapping
3. Operation Bajrang was adopted in 1991

Activities

1. Operation Blue Star – 1984 Punjab
2. Operation Blackthunder – Assam 1986
3. Operation Bajrang – Assam 1991
4. National Security Act – 1980 (NSA)
5. This Act is enacted by Parliament.
6. Purpose – To provide security and protection from violence related to certain cases

• The Central / State Government may arrest and detain the suspected individual.

1. Power to take measures for prevention of adverse weapons from abroad and protection of law and order
2. Terrorism and Violent Acts Prevention Act – 1985 (TADA)

Purpose:

1. Established to curb extremism and extremism.
2. Abolished in 1995

Specialties:

1. Structure of Special Courts
2. Restraint from bail
3. Permission to carry out investigation up to one year
4. Illumination for all investigations
5. Admissibility of police evidence
6. Prohibition of illegal possession of arms
7. Detention of individuals without trial
8. Denial of rights of accused individuals

Defects:

1. Use against minorities
2. Use against civilians
3. Severe punishments for even minor offences
4. 5 years imprisonment even for certain types of weapons
5. An incompetent law, no punishments are obtained by it.

Prevention of Terrorism Act – 2001 (PGA)

It was abolished in 2004.

Anti-Terrorism Resolution – 1973

UN India has signed this resolution of the Security Council of the Council.

Organization:

1. Foreign Exchange Security and Prevention of Smuggling – 1974
2. Prevention of Narcotics and Illegal Substances – 1988
3. National Investigation Agency – 2008 (NIA)
4. It was set up to investigate terrorism-related issues. Reason: Mumbai attack
5. Failure of other investigative bodies
6. Headquarters – New Delhi (States)

Activities:

1. The NIA is a member of the UN. The organization works with investigative bodies and international organizations.
2. It is an independent, anti-terrorist organization
3. Power to investigate offers without permission of State Government
4. NIA officers have been given all powers to investigate offers.

Methods of countering terrorism:

1. The Israel Method
2. There is no room for negotiation with terrorists.
3. Sudden attack on terrorists

• A very strict security approach

1. Dealing with a serious attack on Palestinian militants
2. This method is called counter-extremism.
3. America Method
4. India, which plays a major role in the global economy, is highly affected by terrorism.
5. Has a strong stance against extremism.

• Trade embargo, export embargo against actively supporting countries.

1. Nuclear attack on terrorist countries
2. This method follows the trend of rooting out extremism.
3. Waging war on terrorist states
4. Indian approach
5. After 1960s, India was hit hard by terrorism.
6. Secessionist communal riots are prevalent in JK state.

• Counter-terrorism operations like 1984 Operation Blue Star in Punjab, 1986 Operation Black Thunder in Assam ended in failure.

1. Counter-extremism operation is carried out by police and army.
2. Methods: Setting up of checkpoints
3. Strong security of important places and persons

• Gives more importance to sattvic actions.
• In some cases the government has given in to the demands of the terrorists.

Rebellion/ Riots in North Eastern States:

Riots in North-Eastern States

A riot is a dangerous event in which local residents or groups incite violence against the Indian government.

Assam:

1. Beginning in the 1980s
2. Deletion of names of foreigners in Assam from the electoral rolls in the state
3. Expelling them from the state
4. Creation of ULPA system
5. All Bodo Students Union made a demand for statehood.
6. The Bodoland issue, which started in 1994, is still unresolved.

Mysore:

1. Beginning of Rebellion from 1966
2. There have been disputes between Mizoram and non-Mizoram tribes.

Manipur:

1. Inception in 1976
2. Formation of People’s Liberation Army in 1978
3. Revolution of Maitri and Kuki hill people

Nagaland:

1. Rebellion in 1951
2. Problem – Identity symbol
3. Formation of Peru Nagaland in Assam Hills
4. The National Liberation Center shows extremism in this.

Tripura:

1. Prevention of migration from Tripura to Bengal
2. Tripura National Movement Tripura Tiger Force participates in this.

Meghalaya:

Problems arise between hill and non-hill people.

Arunachal Pradesh:

From time to time the borders of the region are affected by Chinese attacks or encroachments.

The Sociology of Terrorism:

1. Extremism often serves as a tool to divide people and communities.
2. However sometimes it acts as a unifying tool to bring people together for a common purpose.
3. Terrorism is a law and order problem but it does not affect social order.
4. It is not a tool for accelerating social change.
5. Till date no terrorist movement has succeeded in achieving its ideals.
6. So historical events are not shaped by extremists.

Affect and action:

1. The number of people killed or kidnapped by terrorism in Bihar in a year is more than the number of people killed and kidnapped in Punjab or Kashmir.
2. Terrorist activity causes temporary minor disruption in the normal administrative activities of political and social institutions.
3. Terrorist killings cannot affect the political process of the society to any great extent.
4. The importance of terrorism is more important than the number of people killed.
5. (e.g) Rajiv Gandhi assassination
6. Therefore it is impossible to say that all terrorist activities are successful or unsuccessful.
7. Extremists can only weaken the authority of the state but cannot destroy the social order.
8. Extremism cannot divide society as a whole.

Actions Required in India:

1. The youth should be prevented from going astray by disappointments and failures.
2. Government should suppress with iron hand.
3. Extremism should be eradicated and necessary conditions should be created for democracy to function.

Terrorist attack in India:

1. Mumbai blasts – 1993
2. Coimbatore Bomb Blast – 1998
3. Parliament Attack – 2001
4. Mumbai Railway Station Attack – 2008
5. Ahmedabad Akshardham Temple Attack – 2002
6. Delhi serial blasts – 2005
7. Jaipur Bomb Attack – 2008
8. Assam Blast – 2008
9. Kashmir Legislative Assembly Attack – 2001