Constitutional provisions emphasizing education:

Articles: 15, 21A, 30(1), 45, 51A (K), 51(h)

• Clause 15: There should be no discrimination on the basis of gender.
• Article 21A: It is a fundamental right that children between 6 to 14 years of age should receive compulsory and free education (86th Constitutional Amendment – 2002).
• Article 30(1): Right to establish educational institutions for minorities
• Article 45: Duty of State to ensure education and protection of children and persons below 6 years of age – 86th Amendment 2002
• Section 51A (k): It is the duty of every Indian citizen parent and guardian to provide an opportunity for education to children between the ages of 6 to 14 years. – 86th Amendment 2002
• Section 51A (h): Scientific outlook, humanism, research and reform mindset etc. should be developed.
• 42nd Amendment – 1976: Education has been transferred from the State List to the Concurrent List.
• Article 32, 226 Constitutional Remedies if the right to education is affected

Causes of illiteracy:

• Widespread 21.9% poverty and unemployment
• Very rapid population growth and resource scarcity
• Maximum cost of education
• Unemployment for already educated people
• Fewer numbers of teachers in schools and colleges.
• Scholarships, incentives etc. do not reach rural areas.
• Poverty prevailing in the family
• Low education of parents
• Low education fund allocation by the government – 6% of the budget
• Ineffective functioning of primary schools
• Inequality
• Impediments to indoctrination of female children
• Population growth is much higher than the number of literate adults.
• Inefficiency of primary schools in enrolling new students and continuing education of enrolled students.
• Inadequate measures to spread primary education by foreign rule.
• Lack of awareness among people

Economic impact of illiteracy on country development:

• Poor understanding and assimilation of basic information
• 2 to 4 times increase in unemployment rate of young graduates
• Low income
• Low quality jobs
• Decline in lifelong learning and career development
• Unstable economic condition
• Formation of low value of education among persons in families
• Low self-esteem
• Literacy is the weapon of every individual
• Due to illiteracy any accidents occur in workplaces, not taking proper medical procedures.

The present education system:

• The current education system does not meet the socio economic needs of the society.
• Budget allocation for education is very low (below 6%).
• Not one of increasing knowledge in accordance with changing social conditions.
• In the face of growing technological challenges in the world, there is no great potential for sectoral employment opportunities.
• Our education system is not assessment oriented. And there is no Indianisation.
• It failed to produce good leaders, technocrats, ruling class, and industrialists.
• The current education system considers individual benefit. It fails to produce materially superior men.
• Failed to inculcate nationalism among the new generation.
• Unemployment has increased

Literacy Eradication Program – Evaluation:

• A growing number of educational institutions have imparted literacy to lakhs of students.
• Female education rate has increased.
• Male-female social gap has decreased.
• Literacy rate has increased.
• Primary education has increased.
• Dropout rate is reduced.

Reasons for project failure:

• Even though many efforts were made by the government, it failed due to scarcity of food items, unemployment etc.
• The adult education program is not supported by the grassroots.
• Schemes were decided keeping the state in mind.
• Plans should be prepared according to the needs and problems of the people in the villages and localities.
• Charitable organizations are not encouraged to teach efficiency along with literacy, apart from emphasis on teaching.

Other reasons:

• Lack of community engagement
• Lack of adequate support from government administration
• Inadequate interest of learners
• Lack of adequate training
• Absence of literacy follow-up programs
• Plans are not made to coordinate NGO local body, people, teachers, government.

Major reasons for failure:

• Educational centers do not have adequate educational equipment.
• No incentive is given to the students to seek educational centers.
• Reasons for students not coming to study centers. Lack of time, lack of financial facilities, lack of interest in family
• Apathy among project implementers
• Some implicitly forbade that education would not lead to cheaper wages.
• Inadequate training of project implementation officers

Non-repeal Bills:

• No proper assessment review system.
• 6 months duration as prescribed for education under NLM scheme is too long
• The syllabus was difficult
• Voluntary education should be abandoned and become compulsory in adult education.

Illiteracy:

• Illiteracy is the inability of a person to read or write in any language.
• 26% of Indian population is illiterate
• And most of them are illiterate
• Social customs due to illiteracy increase the factors like poverty, unemployment etc. which leads to population growth.

Illiteracy and Population Growth:

• As per 2011 census, population – 121 crore
• India’s literacy rate – 74.04%
• Literacy in Tamil Nadu – 80.33%
• Female education is generally believed to reduce population growth. But the statistics do not support this claim.
• For example: Between 1981 – 1991 the female education rate in Rajasthan rose by 9.42%. But the population growth rate decreased by only 0.35%.
• Similar situation is observed in smaller states like Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura.
• Taking overall literacy rate and population growth rate, there is no direct correlation between the two.
• In a similar survey, population growth rate decreased in 11 states due to increase in education rate. Increase in 7 states Literacy increase in 2 states and population growth neither decrease nor decrease.
• Hence it is not correct to assume that if literacy level increases, population growth will automatically decrease.
• At the same time (it is also wrong to emphasize and completely ignore increasing the level of literacy).
• Female literacy reduces infant mortality and increases elderly protection.
• However, illiteracy is a curse that must be eradicated somehow.

Used to eliminate illiteracy:

Illiteracy and Students – Yakshpal Group

• Professor Yakshpal opined that students can be involved for better implementation of adult education curriculum.
• Close all universities and colleges (said students should work in literacy movement for one period only.
• The Project Committee and the Association of Indian Universities conducted a study in 1991
• Then University College suggested to include literacy movement in the curriculum of students and to engage students in this work during summer vacations.

Using students:

• Our student power can overcome the stagnation in the literacy movement.
• According to statistics, 80% of illiterate adults live in Hindi speaking areas of the country.
• Students studying higher education in states like U.P, Bihar, Rajasthan, M.P, H.P, and Haryana can be availed for adult education during summer vacation.
• They may be given priority during admission to medical, engineering etc. institutions.
• Universities should adopt a modern approach in carrying out literacy campaigns.
• The scheme should be time bound and cost effective.
• Students should spend 2 – 3 hours daily for a period of two months to educate the illiterate.
• Cost of education should also be very low.
• Students can be involved in spreading education by providing extra marks in exams and special offers to join educational institutes of their choice.
• These students can educate a group of 10 people living in their vicinity.
• This will make lakhs of people literate.

The state of educational development in India:

Education level in India

• 1901 – 5.3% 3% – 16.7 → 74.4%
• 1951 – 1.7%
• 1991 – 52.11%
• 2001 – 65%
• 2011 – 74.04%

Education level of Tamil Nadu in 2011 was 80.33%

State of Educational Development in India

Before the arrival of the British:

• Literacy Rate – 3.2%
• Literacy was denied to the lower classes.
• Gurukula education was provided to the upper castes
• Women were also denied education.

During the British rule:

• Charter Act – 1813: 1 lakh was earmarked for education.
• Macaulay Group – 1835: English became the language of instruction.
• Wood’s Dispatch – 1854: Magana carta of English Education in India.
• Hunter Commission Report – 1882
• Indian Universities Act – 1904
• Sergeant Plan – 1944

After independence:

• National Education Policy – 1986 (1968), 2019
• Mid Day Meal Scheme – 1995
• SSA – 2001
• RMSA – 2010
• RTEACT – 2009

The measures taken by the government to reduce illiteracy:

Policy Committees ECSAT – 3

Government Actions → Five Year Plans

1. Fundamental Right

Budget – Allocation of Funds (6%), Lunch Scheme

It made the right to education one of the fundamental rights of our constitution.

2. Academic strings

Articles 21A, 30(1) 45, 51A (k), 51A (h), 15

3. Educational Committees

University Grants Commission – 1948 (Dr.S.Radhakrishnan Commission)

Board of Secondary Education – 1953 (Lakshmana Mudaliar)

National Board of Education – 1968 (10 + 2 + 3 Times)

4. National Education Policy

National Education Policy – 1968 (10 + 2 + 3 times)

New Education Policy – 1986 (Elementary Education Compulsory)

New Education Policy – 2019

5. Blackboard Scheme – 1992

Improved infrastructural facility of schools, appointment of teachers.

6. Minority Education Scheme – 1991

Primary education has been developed through the program introduced by Professor Daves Dawe.

7. National Literacy Movement – 1988

Provide literacy education to 15 – 35 age group to reach 75% literacy level by 2007.

8. District Primary Education Scheme – 1994

Around 15,000 schools were opened to strengthen primary education for all.

9. National Adult Education Program – 1978

The objective is to provide education to the 15 – 35 age group and to improve the literacy of the illiterate population.

10. Rural Literacy Program – 1986

The program was implemented by the students and volunteers of the National Welfare Program.

11. Jan Sikshan Sansthan

It is a non-formal vocational training institution

12. Sukchar Scheme – 2009

In order to improve adult education, it improves the literacy of those who have no formal education.

13. SSA 2000 – 2010:

To provide primary education to all children aged 6 – 14 years by 2010

14. RMSR – 2009:

Making secondary education accessible to all by 2017

15. Right to Education Act 2009

Free and compulsory education for all children aged 6 – 14 is made a fundamental right – Article 21A

16. Continuing Education Scheme – 1995

Modern education is a post-literacy program for those with knowledge.

17. Satellite for Education – 2004

Egisat-3 is the first satellite designed for education.

18. National Institute of Educational Research and Training 1961

Advises and assists Central and State Governments on school education.

19. Razik Yan

Merged as SSA, RMSR, Teacher Education

Education indicators as per 2011 census

India                              Tamil Nadu

1. Literacy rate 74.04% 80.33%
2. Men
3. Females 65.46% 73.86%
4. Activities of Tamil Nadu Government for Education

• Mid-Day Meal Scheme
• Kalvi television(TV)
• 16 free items
• Illam Thedi Kalvi Scheme

National Education Policy:

• 1966 – Kothari Education Board formed.
• 1966 – Report submitted.
• 1968 – National Education Policy was brought out.
• 1986 – New Education Policy introduced.
• 2019 – Introduction of National Education Policy Bill

Characteristics of National Education Policy:

• Introduction of 10 +2 +3 system of education across the country
• Adult education program with vocational education
• Increasing the value of education
• Increasing teachers’ sense of duty and responsibility
• Separation of titles from work
• Reform in Examination System
• Emphasis on sports, physical education
• To provide equal opportunities in education to women, underprivileged, SC/ST
• Redesigning higher education according to social needs
• Development of proper curriculum
• Scientific and Technological Research
• Free compulsory education up to 14 years
• The first 10 years of schooling should consist of 5 years of primary education, 3 years of middle school education and 2 years of higher education.
• Primary education for all
• Adult education

National Education Policy – 2019:

Purpose:

“Making India a Global Intellectual Superpower”

Masses:

• Making schooling available to all
• This will enable about 2 crore school students to come back to educational institutions
• 5 + 3 + 3 + 4 system of education
• Age groups 3 – 8, 8 – 11, 11 – 14, 14 – 18
• It adds 3 years to 12 years of schooling if Anganwadi and pre-school education is included
• NCERT will frame the National Curriculum and Syllabus for Education.
• The scheme will establish a fund that covers both genders.
• The National Education Policy has a competency based system.
• Day Boarding School shall be established in every State and District.
• Established academic and research universities like IIT, IIM.
• Same recognition for government and private educational institutions.
• Avoidance of dropouts.

Right to Education Act – 2009:

The Right to Education Act – 2009 – 2010 came into force on 1 April.2010

• Rule 21A and the Right to Education Act came into force on April 1, 2010.
• The words “free and compulsory” were inserted in the title of the Right to Education Act.

Characteristics of the Act:

• Free and compulsory education has been made a fundamental right for all children between the ages of 6 – 14 years.
• Access to primary education is a fundamental right of every citizen
• Private schools should reserve 25% of the total number of students in their classrooms for economically disadvantaged students.
• Funding for these students will be provided by the government
• No vacancy shall be left unfilled under this system of allotment.
• These children should be treated fairly in school.
• Within 3 years all schools should meet the standards.
• All private schools will be fined Rs 1 lakh if they fail to get accreditation.
• Qualifications and training rules for teachers will be laid down.
• Donations and forced donations are not allowed.
• No interview or examination of student / parents for admission in the school.
• A Commission shall be constituted to monitor the operation of this Act
• 75% of the total members of the School Management Committee should be parents / guardians.
• The Commission for Protection of Child Rights must monitor the functioning of this Act.

The rule of law:

• 51A (k) every father or guardian shall enroll their children in nearby schools to provide them with basic education.
• If the right to education is denied the aggrieved person can approach the Supreme / High Court under Article 32, Article 226 through a petition.

Latest Changes:

• On January 3, 2019, the Right to Compulsory Education (Amendment) Act, 2009 was passed in Parliament.
• The Bill seeks to abolish the compulsory pass policy in force in schools.

Sarva Siksha Abhiyan – 2000 – 01:

• Making primary education available to all
• Provides an opportunity to promote social justice from the ground up.
• Establishes a partnership between central, state and local government bodies.
• Functioning of School Management Committee, Parent Teacher Associations is stated.

Objectives:

• Provide effective primary education to all children between the ages of 6 and 14 by 2010
• To sensitize the importance of early education and welfare of children from 0 – 14 years.
• Children harness their energy in harmony with the natural environment
• Imparting value education
• Active community participation, building social, regional and gender equality in collaboration with school management.

Principles:

• “Back to School” camp was started in 2003 with all children in school education commitments in alternative schools.
• All children above the age of 5 should be enrolled in primary school by 2007.
• All children should complete primary education by 2010.
• Emphasis should be placed on strengthening primary education with the aim of quality and education for life.
• All socio-gender disparities should be eradicated initially by 2007.

Rakshtriya Madhya Shiksha Abhiyan – 2009:

• Demand for secondary education increased as lakhs of children studied up to class 8 as a result of SSA.
• Launched in March 2009.
• The aim is to raise the standard of secondary education and make it accessible to all.
• Central and State Government expenditure on this scheme is 75:25
• Emphasizes education up to class 10.

Purpose:

• Establishment of secondary education institution within 5 km from the residential area
• Setting up higher education institution within 7 – 10 km distance
• Making secondary education available by 2017
• Giving more importance to economically backward sections
• To provide opportunities to the children of weaker sections and backward sections of the society to get secondary education.

Adult education programs:

Educational programs for adults

1. Basic Education – Upto 1947
2. Expansion of night schools
3. It has a traditional educational approach

• Training period – 2 years

39. Based on this, many consular regional education campaigns were held in 1938-39.
40. Civic Education – 1949 – 66
41. It has an attitude towards life.
42. Focus on social education

• It was incorporated under the Community Development Scheme in 1952.

3. Functional Education 1967 – 77
4. Based on Vocational Education.
5. Education is linked to the career of the learner and is directly related to his progress.

• It focused on education for farmers.

Progressive Education Since 1978

1. Based on social change.
2. Education leads to independent functioning and holistic development of an individual.

• The focus was on the entire educational movement.

National Adult Education Program 1978 -October 2:

• Spreading education to the illiterate between 15 – 35 years of age
• It is a coalition of Central, State NGOs, University Colleges, Youth Organisations
• Providing functional education
• To create awareness about government laws and policies
• Special focus on education for women, SC, ST weaker sections.

Rural Functional Education Scheme – 1986:

• It is a sub-programme of National Adult Education Programme
• 100% Funded by Central Government
• Improved reading and writing skills of trainees.
• Consolidation of the benefits of various socio-economic schemes.

Policy method:

• Universal Education.
• Involvement of student volunteers in college and university
• The program is designed based on the needs and language of the trainees.
• To identify the illiterate people in the age group of 15 – 35 years
• Coordinates with all types of departments and organizations.
• To provide educational knowledge to the needy for further activities

National Education Movement – 1988:

To achieve 75% literacy rate by 2007, providing literacy to 15 – 35 age group

Total Literacy Movement

Saksar Bharat – 2009

National Education Literacy Movement:

National Education Movement – 1988

• It is a technological drive to impart functional education to the educated uneducated between 15 – 35 years of age.
• In the National Education Policy, education is recognized as one of the tools to eradicate illiteracy.
• The Erna Kulam Education Campaign of 1980 gave the movement its practical formula.
• It imparts knowledge on family welfare, disease prevention, mother-child welfare, and environment.

Purpose:

• Providing functional education to 80 million illiterates in the age group of 15 – 35 years
• Educating 30 million people by 1990 and 50 million people by 1995
• To achieve a sustainable education growth rate of 75%
• Providing education to children in areas where non-formal education programs are not implemented
• Emphasis on SC / ST Women, Backward Classes
• Focus on post-academic activities

Universal Education Movement:

• National Literacy Movement is a major program to eradicate illiteracy
• Duration 12 – 18 months
• It depends on specific goals
• With public participation
• Implementation through Voluntary Organisations

Key activities:

• Inclusion and retention of all in schools
• Methods of disease prevention
• Environmental protection
• Highlighting the advantages of small family
• Empowering women

Management systems:

• Selected Committee at District / Village level
• Project-based subcommittees
• District / Circle Level Administration
• This movement is implemented under the leadership of the District Governors.

Role of National Education Movement for Girls Education:

• To create an environment where women can complete the necessary information literacy and empowerment for themselves
• National Education Movement – 1988
• Universal Literacy Movement
• Post-literacy programs
• Teaching women to believe in group efforts
• Creating an environment where educating women is the first priority to end violence against them

Measures to promote female education:

• Social awareness
• Admission to school halls
• Empowerment of self-confidence and self-efficacy
• Building women entrepreneurship
• Mechanisms for micro-savings and credit facilities
• Physical health and cleanliness